The Industrial Revolution 1750-1914

1. The Industrial Revolution1750-1914

2. The Industrial Revolution • Why was Great Britain so successful?

3. The Industrial Revolution • Began in Great Britain in the late 18th century • The Industrial Revolution is defined as a basic change in the methods of producing goods, using power drive machinery

4. Why did Britain develop first? • Capital: a rich merchant class to invest • Markets: home & colonial empire • Raw Materials: coal, iron ore, cotton from colonies for textiles • Man Power: Large Population & excess unskilled labor • Merchant Marine: Largest & Best Fleet • Stable Government: Good for business

5. Results of the Industrial Revolution

6. Economic Changes • Factory System- Standardized Parts • Industrial Capitalism • Increased Standard of Living • Unemployment problems, slums • Expansion of World Trade • Unequal Distribution of Wealth

7. Exhibition of 1851 • On display, “the works of industry of all nations.” • Theme of the expo was progress. • Held inside the Crystal Palace. • 6,000+ exhibits from around the world were on display. • Britain was seen as the “workshop of the world.”

8. The Agricultural Revolution • A revolution in agriculture spurred the Industrial Revolution. • Changes in farming: • the amount and types of food produced • potatoes and corn (Americas) • New ways to use the land • Crop rotation • Charles Townshend- proposed farmers rotate crops being planted in their fields. • Example- Wheat and barley for a season or two, then clover and turnips for a season or two. • Certain crops would replenish nutrient used by others. • Clover and turnips were good feed for animals, which led to farmers raising cattle and sheep.

9. New Equipment Seed drill- invented by Jethro Tull, planted seeds in a straight row. Iron plows- during the 1700’s they take the place of wooden ones. Mechanical reapers and thrashers- made harvesting easier and increased production. The Enclosure Movement The wealthy started to claim public land during the 1500’s. Spread even more during the 1700’s. Public land was fenced off. Wealthy landowners farmed more land and experimented w/ new crops. The Agricultural Revolution

10. Results of the Agricultural Revolution • More food for the people. • Diets and health improve. • Small farmers forced off land they had been on for years. • Tenant farmers • Rapid population growth. • Led to demand for manufactured goods. • New technology and the enclosure movement led to fewer workers needed to work the land • Unemployment led to a larger labor force.

11. The Textile Industry • Inventions led to the need for a larger labor force. • domestic system- raw wool and cotton was sent to farm women and men, they earned money by spinning the wool or weaving the cloth in their own cottages, this bypassed guild regulations. • Domestic system could not keep up with demand. • 1733- John Kay, invented the flying shuttle replacing the hand held shuttle used in weaving. • 1764- James Hargreaves, invented the spinning jenny. Spin several threads at the same time • 1769- Richard Arkwright, invented the water frame. 100 threads at the same time • 1779- Samuel Crompton, invented the spinning mule. All of these inventions increased the production of cotton thread.

12. The Textile Industry • 1785- Edmund Cartwright, invented a water powered loom. • 1793- Eli Whitney, invented the cotton gin (actually there were cotton gins before his, first to patent it) • Interchangeable parts

13. The Factory System • Gradually replaced the domestic system. • New machines required more space and need to be located near a river. • Expensive • Required a water wheel to power them. • Many workers to work the machines. • Factory system- workers and machines were brought together in one place to manufacture goods. • Each worker had to work a set number of hours each day, workers were paid daily or weekly wages.

14. Steam Engine • Early inventions were powered by water. Steam soon became a source of energy in the textile industry. • 1698- Thomas Savery built a steam driven pump. • Had problems with pressure. • During the early 1700’s Thomas Newcomen developed a safer engine. • Suffered frequent breakdowns and needed to much coal. • James Watt • Repaired Newcomen’s engine and made it more efficient. • 4X’s the power on the same coal.

15. Iron & Coal • Britain had large deposits of both iron and coal. • Better methods of production boosted the output. • Abraham Darby- developed a way to use coke (a form of coal) in place of charcoal to heat iron ore. • Henry Cort- developed a puddling process that made iron stronger. • Created a method to produce iron sheets • Between 1788 and 1806 Britain quadrupled its iron production. • There was also a high demand for coal to make iron and power steam engines.

16. Iron & Coal • Henry Bessemer • Developed a method that produced steel and other materials. • Bessemer process- blasts of cold air were blown through heated iron to remove impurities. • Steel more readily available. • Spurred growth in other industries.

17. Transportation & Communication • Boom in industry created the need for a way to transport materials and goods. • 1759- Duke of Bridgewater built a canal to connect his coal mines and factories. • Canals then began to pop up all over Britain. • John McAdam- a Scottish engineer who invented a road surface out of crushed stone that made roads usable in all weather. • Railroads • There was still a need for good transportation and this lead to the development of the railroads. • 1829- George Stephenson invents the Rocket, the 1st steam powered locomotive. • Could travel up to 36 mph. • Between 1840 and 1850 the British built over 5,000 miles of track. • Steel rails would replace iron rails = speed increase (60 mph)

18. Transportation & Communication • Britain was a leader in railroad and shipbuilding. • Robert Fulton- developed a way to use steam power for ships. • 1807- tested the Clermont on the Hudson River. • 1850’s- steamships regularly crossed oceans.

19. Transportation & Communication • 1837- Samuel F.B. Morse invented the telegraph. • Messages now delivered in minutes or seconds instead of days. • 1851- underwater telegraph cable installed under the English Channel.

20. Why did Britain lead the Industrial Revolution? • Agricultural Revolution- increased food production freed up workers to move on to industry. • Britain had large coal and iron supplies. • Developed an excellent transportation system. • British entrepreneurs had the capital to invest in industry. • Britain had a large colonial empire. • Supplied Britain w/ a large amount of natural resources. • Colonials bought British finished goods. • British gov’t encouraged growth.

21. Spread of Industrialization • Britain was being challenged during the late 1800’s. • Belgium • Had large coal and iron supplies. • Long manufacturing tradition. • Textiles • Had a skilled labor force ready to work. • Belgian entrepreneurs had the capital to invest. • France • Had a strong textile industry. • Inventions of its own. • Joseph Marie Jacquard- developed the 1st power loom to weave complex patterns. • Placed high tariffs on imported textiles to encourage buying French goods. • Gov’t backed building programs.

22. Spread of Industrialization • United States • Had vast natural resources. • Europeans invested in the new nation. • Railroad spurred economic growth. • 1869- had a transcontinental railroad • By 1870 the U.S. was putting out more iron and steel than Britain. • Germany • Hurt by divisions among individual German states. • After Germany became a unified nation they were able to compete with the U.S. and Britain. • Southern and Eastern Europe • Remained mainly agricultural during the 1800’s.

23. Science and Technology • William Perkins- invented a dye that could be made cheap from coal. • German chemists also produced dyes. • Replaced more expensive dies like indigo. • 1800- Alessandro Volta an Italian physicist built the 1st electric batteries. • Michael Faraday- led to the construction of electronic generators. • 1866- workers complete the 1st underwater telegraph line across the Atlantic Ocean. • Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone 10 years later. • Guglielmo Marconi- invented the radio or the wireless as it was called in England.

24. The Wizard of Menlo Park • Thomas Alva Edison • b. 1847 – d. 1931 • Born in Milan, Ohio. • New Jersey inventor. • Workshop was in Menlo Park & West Orange. • Edison’s Inventions • Phonograph • Incandescent light bulb • Designed an electric generating plant that provided power to NYC. • Received 1,093 patents for his inventions.

25. Thomas Edison Cont. • Menlo Park known as the “invention factory” • Most known for his light bulb improvements. • 1893- Edison’s West Orange lab became the 1st motion picture studio. • Kinetoscope- an early film projector. • Phonograph- a device that recorded and played back sound.

26. Transportation Revolution • 1886- Internal combustion engine • Invented by Gottlieb Daimler. • German scientist • Fueled by gasoline. • Used the engine to build one of the 1st automobiles. • 1886- Diesel engine • Invented by Rudolf Diesel. • German engineer • Fueled by petroleum oil or fuel. • Used to power larger vehicles. • Trucks, locomotives, and ships. • The combustion engine led to advances in other industries such as petroleum, steel, and rubber.

27. Production • Productivity- the amount of goods a worker can put out in a specific time. • Interchangeable parts- identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing. • Introduced by Eli Whitney.

28. Assembly Line • Used by Henry Ford @ his automobile factory. • Highland Park, MI • Workers performed 1 or 2 tasks along a conveyer belt and the automobile was built along the line. • This was a more efficient way to produce goods. • Allowed goods to be sold at lower prices. • More people could afford goods such as automobiles so demand for these products rose. • Mass production was used to meet demand. • Turning out large quantities of identical goods.

29. Financing Industry • $$$ was needed to pay for new machines. • This lead to the development of the corporation. • Corporation- a business owned by many investors. • Investors buy one or more shares. • Corporations would often establish a monopoly. • Monopoly- total control over the market of a particular product. • Standard Oil Co.- John D. Rockafeller

30. Population Explosion • Industrial Revolution took place during a population increase in Europe. • Between 1750 and 1914 population soared from 140 million to 463 million. • Agricultural Revolution=improved diets and healthier people. • Medical discoveries and public sanitation decreased disease. • 1815 to 1914 no large scale wars fought.

31. Cities During the Industrial Rev. • Located along trade routes. (water and land) • Served mainly as markets. • Cities popped up fast. • People looking for jobs. • Living conditions got worse. • Manchester • 1750- Population of 16,000. • Iron and coal was nearby. • Result was textile factories were built here. • 1855- Manchester was the center of the British cotton industry. • Population of 455,000.

32. Manchester Cont. • Rapid growth caused major problems. • Overcrowded houses. • Inadequate water system. • No sanitation. • Pigs were the only “garbage collectors”. • Disease • Not a real city? • No charter. • Couldn’t tax to raise $$$. • Couldn’t pass certain laws.

33. Before Industrialization Landowning Aristocracy Small Middle Class Skilled Workers Small farmers or farm workers. Made up the majority of the population. After Industrialization Middle Class expands and challenges the aristocracy. Wealthiest of the middle class were factory and mine owners, bankers, and merchants. Professionals joined them such as lawyers and doctors. Artisans and business clerks made up the lower portion of the new middle class. The Social Structure

34. Social Structure • New Social Class • Factory Workers • Majority were unskilled. • Lowest class in society. • Workers knew they were a separate class. • Had little political and economical power. • They were aware of this. • By mid-century workers came together to improve their working and living conditions.

35. The Role of Women • Women helped farm the land and/or earned money through the domestic system. • Servants to the wealthy. • Women worked in the factories and the mines. • Families often worked together. • Work added to a women’s responsibility. • Worked 12-16 hours but still had to cook and clean for her family.

36. The Role of Women Cont. • Housewives • Improved wages allow families to live on 1 income. • Men start to become the wage earners while women tend to the home. • Single Women • Take jobs as servants. • Cooks, maids, and nurses. • Made up about 1/3 of the female work force.

37. Work Reform • Factory Act of 1833- limited the working day for children; ages 9-13 was no more then 8 hours, 14-18 no more then 12 hours • Mines Act-barred women and girls from working in mines and made 13 the minimum age for boys • Combination Acts- outlawed labor unions

38. What type of power replaced waterpower as a source of energy in Britain in the mid-1700s? What was the main advantage of crop rotation? Where did Britain get its labor force from for industry? Identify the improvements in farming during 18th century England. How did Britain’s colonies contribute to the Industrial Revolution? What did Britain’s rapid population growth lead to? What were consequences of the enclosure system? What developments marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution? What did scientific farming include? What conditions favored Great Britain in being the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution? James Hargreaves Richard Arkwright What was the purpose of the cotton gin? When did the Railroad Age begin in Britain? Why was the Industrial Revolution slow to spread to other countries?