1 / 52

The Industrial Revolution 1700-1914

The Industrial Revolution 1700-1914. By Sam Irving. The Rise of Industry. BIG Idea: Beginning in mid-1700s Great Britain, a series of innovations in agriculture and industry led to profound economic and social changes in western Europe and the U.S. Preindustrial Society. Most people farmed.

kaya
Download Presentation

The Industrial Revolution 1700-1914

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. The Industrial Revolution1700-1914 By Sam Irving

  2. The Rise of Industry • BIG Idea: Beginning in mid-1700s Great Britain, a series of innovations in agriculture and industry led to profound economic and social changes in western Europe and the U.S.

  3. Preindustrial Society • Most people farmed. • 75% of the population lived in rural villages. • Nature’s seasons determined work schedule. • Peasants rented small strips of land and shared common lands. • No fences

  4. High infant death rate and low life expectancy. • 1/3 died within a year • ½ died before age 21 • Average life expectancy was 40.

  5. Pre-Revolution Industry • Domestic System: workers produced goods, such as cloth, at home. • Worked in coal mines when not planting or harvesting.

  6. The Enclosure Movement • Wealthy British landowners took over and fenced off both private and common lands into one estate. • Increased efficiency and productivity. • Crop rotation & orderly planting with seed drills. • Less farmers required, causing many to become urban industrial workers.

  7. How would this agricultural revolution lead to an industrial revolution???

  8. 3 Needs for Industry • Capital: money to invest in industry. • Landowners profited from large-scale farming. • Growing middle-class profited from trade. • Joint-stock companies • Slave Trade • Encouraged by the British Gov’t.

  9. Natural Resources • Rivers for power and shipping • Iron and coal deposits • Other resources from colonies

  10. Labor Supply: enclosure led to population growth and increased urbanization.

  11. The Textile (clothing) Industry Leads the Way. In the domestic system, women produced yarn, cloth, and clothes at home.

  12. In 1733, John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle” allowed yarn to be woven faster.

  13. In 1760, James Hargreaves’s “Spinning Jenny” allowed spinners to spin more yarn faster.

  14. In 1768 Richard Arkwright developed a spinning machine that ran continuously on waterpower.

  15. The “Powered Loom,” invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1787, could be run by horse, water, or steam.

  16. In 1793, Eli Whitney’s “Cotton Gin” allowed raw cotton to be cleaned faster and cheaper. • Full mechanization of the British textile industry by the late 1700s.

  17. The Factory System • :Organized production bringing workers and machines together under the control of managers. • Why did the factory system replace the domestic system? • Machines are too large and expensive to be used at home.

  18. Infrastructure for Industry • Steam, steel, canals and paved roads. The Bessemer process to create steel

  19. Assignment • ELT: Describe characteristics of economic systems throughout history. • “The Industrial Revolution” reading and crossword.

  20. Industrial Capitalism • BIG Idea: Following Adam Smith’s economic philosophy, large-scale industrial capitalism developed in western Europe and the U.S.

  21. Great Britain initially tried to keep industrial technology a secret by restricting the flow of machines and skilled workers to other countries. • In 1789, industrial spinner Samuel Slater emigrated to the U.S. disguised as a farmer. • Using Great Britain as a model, western Europe and the U.S. began rapid industrialization.

  22. Capitalism (a.k.a. Free enterprise/market) • : economic system in which individuals, not the gov’t, own the means of production (land & factories) & decide how to run their business to make a profit.

  23. What’s this? • Business Cycle: alternating periods of business expansion and decline. • Recessions & depressions

  24. Mass Production • Division of Labor: each worker does one specialized task. • Identical products move on an assembly line. • Henry Ford • Replace human labor with machines.

  25. How would mass production affect productivity & profits? • Increased productivity & profits • Lower prices

  26. Adam Smith (Father of Capitalism) • Laissez-Faire: a policy of allowing business to run without government interference. (Don’t Touch) • Let supply and demand operate freely.

  27. Individual self-interest adds up to the common good. • Competition creates the best goods at the lowest prices. • The profit motive encourages efficient production.

  28. Is Smith right? Has industrial capitalism benefited society? Let’s take a look at a few industrial revolution inventions.

  29. Thomas Edison invented the incandescent light bulb in the 1870s, making electric lighting cheap and accessible.

  30. Alexander Gram Bell invented the telephone in 1876.

  31. Henry Ford’s assembly line mass production of the Model T made cars available and affordable (1913).

  32. Industrial Society • Population Growth • More & cheaper food • Increased life expectancy • Upward social mobility • Less rigid social structure • Urbanization: growth of cities

  33. Assignment • Essential Learning Target: Give examples of how philosophical beliefs have influenced society. • Let’s read the economic philosophy behind industry and big business. • Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations

  34. Socialism and the Working Class • BIG Idea: New socio-economic realities spurred on new ways of thinking.

  35. The Working Class • Industry led many to urban poverty. • Capitalist competition led to long hours, low wages, and dangerous working conditions. • Child Labor • Rigid bell schedules

  36. Boy dragging a cart filled with coal through a tunnel in a Scottish mine about 1843. (An average cart weighted 200-650 pounds)

  37. A textile mill in Macon, Georgia circa 1909.

  38. A tenement in New York, 1900. Often, entire working-class families would share this one room.

  39. What’s the meaning of this political cartoon?

  40. Formed labor unions for collective bargaining. • What do unions do?

  41. Socialism • : economic theory stating that the means of production (land, factories, etc.) should be publicly owned and wealth distributed equally among all. • Replace competition with cooperation.

  42. Karl Marx (Scientific Socialism) • Materialism: Economics, or the means of supporting life, is the basis of all human culture and social institutions. • Economic Systems • Slavery • Feudalism • Capitalism • Socialism

  43. History advances through stages of economic class conflict. • In the last stage, workers (proletariat) will overthrow owners (bourgeoisie) and create communism (socialism). 1. Slaves v. Masters 2. Peasants v. Lords 3. Workers v. Owners 4. Communism

  44. Without private property, social classes and government will vanish. • Governing Principle: “From each according to his ability, to each according to his need.”

  45. Assignment • Essential Learning Target: Give examples of how philosophical beliefs have influenced society. • Industrial Life created new ways to think about the world. • Let’s read Marx’s Communist Manifesto.

  46. Works Cited Alexander Graham Bell at the opening of the long-distance line from New York to Chicago. 1892. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress. Web. Web. 4 Jan. 2010. <http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/recon/jb_recon_telephone_1_e.html>. Andrews, Benjamin. The Cotton-Gin, a machine that processes cotton. 1895. Florida Center for Instructional Technology, Tampa. Web. Web. 30 Dec. 2009. <http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/12700/12718/cottongin_12718.htm>. Ann, Kythera. Gold Animated Peace Sign. 2008. Crystal Cloud Graphics. Web. Web. 4 Jan. 2010. <http://graphics.elysiumgates.com/peace.html>. Chaplin, Ralph. One Big Union. 1917. Private collection. Web. Web. 4 Jan. 2010. <http://onebigunion.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/1917_iww.jpg>. Cotton Gin. Private collection. Web. Web. 30 Dec. 2009. <http://precivilwar.wikispaces.com/South>. Early Form of Bessemer Converting Plant at Sheffield. Private collection. Web. Web. 30 Dec. 2009. <http://www.history.rochester.edu/ehp-book/shb/hb11.htm>.

  47. Farah, Mounir A., and Andrea B. Karls. World History The Human Experience. New York: Glencoe/McGraw Hill, 1999. 598-633. Print. "Great Britain: Canals and Navigable Rivers." Map. . N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Dec. 2008. "Great Britain: Coal and Iron Ore Deposits." Map. . N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Dec. 2008. Grim Reaper. Private collection. Web. Web. 23 Dec. 2009. <http://christianityandtheconfusion.blogharbor.com/blog/_archives/2005/9/2/1191040.html>. Groening, Matt. Bender. 2008. Private collection. Web. Web. 3 Jan. 2010. <http://www.pilate.com.au/vrml/noir/Bender_(Futurama).png>. Handloom Weaver using Kay's Flying Shuttle. Private collection. Web. Web. 23 Dec. 2009. <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TEXflying.htm>. Hine, Lewis W. Mill Children in Macon. 1909. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Web. Web. 4 Jan. 2010. <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mill_Children_in_Macon.jpg>. In New York, officials investigate a squalid tenement, 1900. Private collection. Web. Web. 4 Jan. 2010. <http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/famine/thp-ny-tenement.jpg>.

More Related