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Regulation

Regulation. Chapter 9- Regulation. Regulation: The coordination and control of the life activities. The internal environment must remain stable  Homeostasis . Nervous and Endocrine systems. Stimulus: Any change in the internal or external environment that causes a response. Response:

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Regulation

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  1. Regulation

  2. Chapter 9- Regulation • Regulation: • The coordination and control of the life activities. • The internal environment must remain stableHomeostasis.

  3. Nervous and Endocrine systems • Stimulus: • Any change in the internal or external environment that causes a response. • Response: • Reaction to a stimulus. • Receptors: • Structures that are specialized to receive certain stimuli. Ex. Five senses.

  4. Impulse: • An electrochemical charge generated along a neuron. The message! • Effectors: • Parts of the body that respond. Ex. Muscles or glands.

  5. Neuron

  6. Neurons

  7. The Neuron: • Aka nerve cell- receives and transmits impulses. • Composed of: • Dendrites • Detect stimulus • Cell branches • Receives impulses • Cyton • Cell body that contains the nucleus • Axon • Branch of the cell that transmits impulses away from the cyton. • Terminal branches • End of the axon • Secretes neurotransmitters (made by synaptic knobs)

  8. Synapse: • Gap (space) between neurons • Neurotransmitters: • Chemicals secreted into the synapse by terminal branches. • Helps impulses jump the synapse. • Example acetylcholine, norepinephrine

  9. Types of Neurons: Pathway is always sensory ->inter->motor • Sensory neuron: • Carries impulse from receptors (5 senses) to brain and spinal cord (CNS). • Interneuron: • Neuron found between sensory and motor neurons. • Located in brain and spinal cord. • Motor neurons: • Carries impulse away from brain and spinal cord (CNS) to the effectors (muscles or glands).

  10. The Central Nervous System • made up of the brain and spinal cord • Interneurons here

  11. The Brain: • Composed of millions of neurons • 3 divisions • cerebrum: • largest part of the brain • area where sensory impulses are interpreted • memory, thinking, and reasoning

  12. cerebellum: • Balance and motor coordination • medulla: • connects spinal cord to the brain. • Controls involuntary activity: breathing, heart beat, digestion

  13. The Spinal Cord: • Thick nerve located within the vertebrae. • Protected by: vertebrae, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid. • Connects directly with the base of the brain. • Function: center for the reflex action • Reflexes: simple, involuntary, inborn patterns of behavior. • Reflex arc: pathway over which impulses travel. • Stimulus receptorsensory neuroninterneuronmotor neuroneffectors (RSIME!!)

  14. YouTube - Central Nervous System, Reflex Arc

  15. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) • Nerves outside CNS • Carry impulses to other parts of the body. • Breaks into somatic and autonomic • Somatic – voluntary activities Ex: batting a ball • Autonomic – involuntary activities Ex: breathing

  16. Malfunctions of the Nervous System • Cerebral Palsy • May occur before/during /after birth. • Damage to the motor areas of the brain. • Difficulty in coordinating voluntary muscle • Meningitis • Inflammation of the meninges. It can be viral or bacterial.

  17. Stroke • Supply of blood to the brain is cut off. A clot or a hemorrhage can form. • Brain damage and paralysis occurs. • Polio • Viral disease of the CNS. Results in paralysis.**Immunization- Salk and Sabin vaccine

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