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Regulation

Regulation. Hox Genes. Any of the developmental control genes. Hox Gene Mutation. Mutations. Def. A change in genetic material where normal genes are changed or damaged. Mutations happen all the time!. Polymerase makes 120,000 mistakes per cell division >1% mistakes

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Regulation

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  1. Regulation

  2. Hox Genes • Any of the developmental control genes

  3. Hox Gene Mutation

  4. Mutations

  5. Def. • A change in genetic material where normal genes are changed or damaged.

  6. Mutations happen all the time! • Polymerase makes 120,000 mistakes per cell division • >1% mistakes • Most of these mistakes are corrected • Proof-reading and repair enzymes fix most of these problems

  7. Three Main Categories • Single Gene • Multifactorial Genes • Chromosomal

  8. Method mutations • Point mutation • Only a few bases are changed • May include • Subsitution • Affects only on amino acid • Frameshift Mutation • May include • Deletion • Substution • Affect whole gene

  9. Frameshifts • All the sad boy had for him big dog was bad ham and one old pig leg. • All the saboyhadforhisbigdogwasbadhamando neo ldpigleg.

  10. Chromosomal Mutations • Changes to structure of chromosomes

  11. Dominance in Mutation • Point, Frameshift, and Chromosomal mutation can be recessive or dominant.

  12. Non-disjunction • Def- The failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis or mitosis • Result in individuals with wrong number of chromosomes

  13. Somatic vs. Germ line mutations • Somatic • Occurs in a body cell • Only effects the area where the mutation happened • Cannot by passed on to offspring • Example: Skin Cancer • Germline • Occurs in the reproductive cells of the parent • Is passed on to offspring • Affects every cell in the offspring • Example : Down’s Syndrome

  14. Are mutations good or bad?

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