Prayer Before Birth for IGCSE English: Anthology Section C: Exam – Comparative Poetry

1. Prayer Before Birthfor IGCSE English: Anthology Section C: Exam – Comparative Poetry An introduction to this text and to the examination comparison task Mr Elkin-Jones, Cokethorpe School, September 2011 imej@cokethorpe.org

2. Louis MacNeice1907-1963 Louis MacNeice born September 12, 1907, in Belfast, Ireland. Attended Oxford University: classics and philosophy. 1930, married Giovanna Ezra. 1930 accepted post as classics lecturer, University of Birmingham. 1941 joined BBC as a staff writer and producer. MacNeice found an audience for his work through British radio. MacNeice was as mistrustful of political programs as he was of philosophical systems. Was candid about the ambiguities of his political attitudes. Chose to live the majority of his adult life in London MacNeice frequently returned to the landscapes of his childhood. Took great pride in his Irish heritage. In addition to poetry and radio dramas, also wrote verse translation The Agamemnon of Aeschylus (1936), translated Goethe's Faust (1951), and collaborated with Auden on the travelogue Letters from Iceland (1937). 1963, on location with a BBC team, went into mineshaft to check on sound effects. Caught pneumonia. He died on September 3, 1963 He was 55 years old.

3. Which are the poems on the theme of ‘Childhood’? If Prayer Before Birth Half Past Two Piano Hide and Seek

4. “Prayer Before Birth” What is the GASP? Genre: Poetry; free verse Audience: 1944: citizens also experiencing WWII 2014/15: students of poetry; the literate Subject: The pre-natal prayers of the unborn child to protect it against the horrors of the contemporary world of 1944 Purpose: (context related) 1944: possibly cathartic expression of MacNeice’s fears of the state of war-torn Europe 2011: possibly as warning against a return to apocalypse? Excellent YouTube reading and BBC documentary: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fpdoq5-TVE8 [accessed 09/11/2011] I am not yet born; O hear me. Let not the bloodsucking bat or the rat or the stoat or the club-footed ghoul come near me. I am not yet born, console me. I fear that the human race may with tall walls wall me, with strong drugs dope me, with wise lies lure me, on black racks rack me, in blood-baths roll me. I am not yet born; provide me With water to dandle me, grass to grow for me, trees to talk to me, sky to sing to me, birds and a white light in the back of my mind to guide me. I am not yet born; forgive me For the sins that in me the world shall commit, my words when they speak me, my thoughts when they think me, my treason engendered by traitors beyond me, my life when they murder by means of my hands, my death when they live me. I am not yet born; rehearse me In the parts I must play and the cues I must take when old men lecture me, bureaucrats hector me, mountains frown at me, lovers laugh at me, the white waves call me to folly and the desert calls me to doom and the beggar refuses my gift and my children curse me. I am not yet born; O hear me, Let not the man who is beast or who thinks he is God come near me. I am not yet born; O fill me With strength against those who would freeze my humanity, would dragoon me into a lethal automaton, would make me a cog in a machine, a thing with one face, a thing, and against all those who would dissipate my entirety, would blow me like thistledown hither and thither or hither and thither like water held in the hands would spill me. Let them not make me a stone and let them not spill me. Otherwise kill me.

5. Context Social & Historical Literary and Cultural Written in 1944 Bombing of London War grinding to climax “The writer today should be not so much the mouthpiece of a community…as its conscience, its critical faculty, its generous instinct.” -Louis MacNeice, 1946

6. The subject matter clarified verse by verse

7. Verse 1: positioning the reader • How are we positioned by the text in this opening verse? • What do we mean by ‘being positioned by the text?’ • How are these guys ‘positioned’ by the words cracked, growled, roared…? I am not yet born; O hear me. Let not the bloodsucking bat or the rat or the stoat or the club-footed ghoul come near me. The first fear refers to all the frightening things of the night, both real and imaginary.

8. Verse 2: fear of coercion I am not yet born, console me. I fear that the human race may with tall walls wall me, with strong drugs dope me, with wise lies lure me, on black racks rack me, in blood-baths roll me. Next is the fear of being closed in by lies and persuasion, being led by drugs, tortured both mentally and physically, and being made to participate in warfare and other massacres.

9. Verse 3: the vision of a better world I am not yet born; provide me With water to dandle me, grass to grow for me, trees to talk to me, sky to sing to me, birds and a white light in the back of my mind to guide me. The poet makes a plea for the good things of life which today are fast disappearing: clean water, love, forests, birds and purity ("white light") as a guide.

10. Verse 4: forgiveness for future actions I am not yet born; forgive me For the sins that in me the world shall commit, my words when they speak me, my thoughts when they think me, my treason engendered by traitors beyond me, my life when they murder by means of my hands, my death when they live me. The child asks for forgiveness for all the sins that the world is going to make him commit in the future: his wrong words, his evil thoughts, those times when he is led to commit treason, the times when he will be forced to kill other people ultimately for his own death of spirit, because he has been forced to give into these social pressures.

11. Verse 5: desire to act with guidance I am not yet born; rehearse me In the parts I must play and the cues I must take when old men lecture me, bureaucrats hector me, mountains frown at me, lovers laugh at me, the white waves call me to folly and the desert calls me to doom and the beggar refuses my gift and my children curse me. The child asks to be guided into the part he must act in this dramatic performance of life so that he is able to perform his role correctly, and that he be given all the right clues on how to react when important people lecture him or laugh at him. Note the metaphor of the stage. Note too the extended personification: mountains frowning, deserts calling, etc.

12. Verse 6: protection from tyrants I am not yet born; O hear me, Let not the man who is beast or who thinks he is God come near me. A plea is made that tyrants and oppressors (like Adolph Hitler) may not be allowed to come near him.

13. Verse 7: chaos; the metaphor of the machine I am not yet born; O fill me With strength against those who would freeze my humanity, would dragoon me into a lethal automaton, would make me a cog in a machine, a thing with one face, a thing, and against all those who would dissipate my entirety, would blow me like thistledown hither and thither or hither and thither like water held in the hands would spill me. He asks for the strength not to become a killing machine ("lethal automaton") or just a part in a machine ("cog in a machine"): he pleads that he be not allowed to become inhuman ("a thing") or something that is completely at the mercy of others ("blow me like thistledown hither and thither") or spilt as if he were just water.

14. Verse Eight: deneumont Let them not make me a stone and let them not spill me. Otherwise kill me. His final plea is that his heart may not turn to stone, or his life be wasted. Failing that, he would rather be aborted right away.

15. Key features: overview • Form: • Eight verses (not stanzas; not consistent lines) • Free verse (no beats) • No end line rhymes (but does have internal ones) • Shape significant – reminiscent of Psalms (sung prayers, sung) • Or Isaiah, or Jeremiah – prophets of the future • Structure: • Repetition of “First line” as a ritualistic refrain; • Statement, then imperative tense command • Ends with final command • Language: • Use of the vocative “O” in supplication to “God” • Biblical language: imagery, sentence structure • Also very modern lexis as well • Sounds emphasized • Only one simile throughout • Present tense used: “I am not yet born” • Imperative verbs much used “console me.” • Excellent YouTube reading and BBC documentary: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fpdoq5-TVE8 • [accessed 09/11/2011] I am not yet born; O hear me. Let not the bloodsucking bat or the rat or the stoat or the club-footed ghoul come near me. I am not yet born, console me. I fear that the human race may with tall walls wall me, with strong drugs dope me, with wise lies lure me, on black racks rack me, in blood-baths roll me. I am not yet born; provide me With water to dandle me, grass to grow for me, trees to talk to me, sky to sing to me, birds and a white light in the back of my mind to guide me. I am not yet born; forgive me For the sins that in me the world shall commit, my words when they speak me, my thoughts when they think me, my treason engendered by traitors beyond me, my life when they murder by means of my hands, my death when they live me. I am not yet born; rehearse me In the parts I must play and the cues I must take when old men lecture me, bureaucrats hector me, mountains frown at me, lovers laugh at me, the white waves call me to folly and the desert calls me to doom and the beggar refuses my gift and my children curse me. I am not yet born; O hear me, Let not the man who is beast or who thinks he is God come near me. I am not yet born; O fill me With strength against those who would freeze my humanity, would dragoon me into a lethal automaton, would make me a cog in a machine, a thing with one face, a thing, and against all those who would dissipate my entirety, would blow me like thistledown hither and thither or hither and thither like water held in the hands would spill me. Let them not make me a stone and let them not spill me. Otherwise kill me.

16. I am not yet born; O hear me. Let not the bloodsucking bat or the rat or the stoat or the club-footed ghoul come near me. I am not yet born, console me. I fear that the human race may with tall walls wall me, with strong drugs dope me, with wise lies lure me, on black racks rack me, in blood-baths roll me. I am not yet born; provide me With water to dandle me, grass to grow for me, trees to talk to me, sky to sing to me, birds and a white light in the back of my mind to guide me. I am not yet born; forgive me For the sins that in me the world shall commit, my words when they speak me, my thoughts when they think me, my treason engendered by traitors beyond me, my life when they murder by means of my hands, my death when they live me. I am not yet born; rehearse me In the parts I must play and the cues I must take when old men lecture me, bureaucrats hector me, mountains frown at me, lovers laugh at me, the white waves call me to folly and the desert calls me to doom and the beggar refuses my gift and my children curse me. I am not yet born; O hear me, Let not the man who is beast or who thinks he is God come near me. I am not yet born; O fill me With strength against those who would freeze my humanity, would dragoon me into a lethal automaton, would make me a cog in a machine, a thing with one face, a thing, and against all those who would dissipate my entirety, would blow me like thistledown hither and thither or hither and thither like water held in the hands would spill me. Let them not make me a stone and let them not spill me. Otherwise kill me. Forms compared: “Prayer Before Birth” and Psalm 51, verses 17-23. What do you notice about the forms (shapes) of these two texts?

17. Form, Structure, Language

18. Verse 1: positioning the reader I am not yet born; O hear me. Let not the bloodsucking bat or the rat or the stoat or the club-footed ghoul come near me.

19. Verse 2: fear of coercion I am not yet born, console me. I fear that the human race may with tall walls wall me, with strong drugs dope me, with wise lies lure me, on black racks rack me, in blood-baths roll me.

20. Verse 3: the vision of a better world I am not yet born; provide me With water to dandle me, grass to grow for me, trees to talk to me, sky to sing to me, birds and a white light in the back of my mind to guide me.

21. Verse 4: forgiveness for future actions I am not yet born; forgive me For the sins that in me the world shall commit, my words when they speak me, my thoughts when they think me, my treason engendered by traitors beyond me, my life when they murder by means of my hands, my death when they live me.

22. Verse 5: desire to act with guidance I am not yet born; rehearse me In the parts I must play and the cues I must take when old men lecture me, bureaucrats hector me, mountains frown at me, lovers laugh at me, the white waves call me to folly and the desert calls me to doom and the beggar refuses my gift and my children curse me.

23. Verse 6: protection from tyrants I am not yet born; O hear me, Let not the man who is beast or who thinks he is God come near me.

24. Verse 7: chaos; the metaphor of the machine I am not yet born; O fill me With strength against those who would freeze my humanity, would dragoon me into a lethal automaton, would make me a cog in a machine, a thing with one face, a thing, and against all those who would dissipate my entirety, would blow me like thistledown hither and thither or hither and thither like water held in the hands would spill me.

25. Verse Eight: denouement Let them not make me a stone and let them not spill me. Otherwise kill me.

26. Comparing poems: an exam approach Try this 4 paragraph essay planning task yourself

27. MacNeice’s contribution to Poetry? “His early work revealed technical virtuosity, a painter’s eye for animage...suspicious of all rigid systems, whether political or philosophical, he worked to establish some pattern from life’s flux. He used most of the classic verse forms, but his contribution was his deployment of assonance, internal rhymes, and half-rhymes, and ballad-like repetitions that he had absorbed from the Irishy of his childhood.” The Oxford Companion to English Literature, ed. Margaret Drabble 1985

28. Further links and references http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_MacNeice Full biography and background to texts. http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/learninggetwritingniwh_macneice.shtml Superb BBC profile, with links to his life and work. Plenty of images and video clips. http://www.poetsgraves.co.uk/macneice.htm Grave in Northern Ireland. http://www.poetryarchive.org/poetryarchive/singlePoet.do?poetId=1559 Archive recording of the author reading the text.

29. That concludes this presentation on:Prayer Before Birthfor IGCSE English: Anthology Section C: Exam – Comparative Poetry An introduction to this text and to the examination comparison task Mr Elkin-Jones, Cokethorpe School, September 2011 imej@cokethorpe.org