State of Qin vs. the Qin Dynasty

1. State of Qin vs. the Qin Dynasty • State of Qin (778 BC-207 BC) merged as one of the strongest seven states due to the Shang Yang Reform, among other things; • His patron is Duke Xiao of Qin 秦孝公; • A humble start; • The Qin Dynasty (221 to 206 BC) marked a turning point in history from a multistate nation to a unified and more centralized kingdom. • China has become imperialistic.

2. Strategic Locationthe Hangu Pass • Hangu Pass 函谷關, a strategic pass in today's Lingbao County, Henan Province. Built in 361 BC • a vital route • Lao Zi supposedly wrote the Dao De Jing at Hangu Pass.

3. Statue of Laozi • Co-founder of Daoism or Taoism; • Author of Dao De Jing; • Ebrey 29-30 • The natural way; • 无为而治 govern by doing nothing that goes against nature； • The natural way • Best illustrated by Zhuangzi’s parable of how to carve an ox;

4. Strategic Location • 一夫当关【yīfūdāngguān】 one strong man stand in the way full of valor and vigor，万夫莫开【wànfūmòkāi】 even 10,000 men can not break through; unbreakable.

5. The Qin army opened the pass to meet the enemy, yet the troops of the nine states, hesitant to move forward, dared not enter… Jia Yi’s “The Faults of Qin” 过​秦​论 秦人开关而迎敌，九国之师逡巡而不敢进

6. In the latter half of the Warring States, King Zhaoxiang of Qin 秦昭襄王 or 秦昭王) (324 BC – 250 BC) or King Zhao of Qin adopted a strategy by Fan Zhui 范雎, his chancellor. The strategy destroyed the alliance among the six states. In 260 BC, King Zhao won the vital Battle of Changping against the State of Zhao 长平之战. Zhao Kuo lost 400,000 soldiers; Befriend a distant state while attacking a neighbor 远交近攻 (No. 23 out of the Thirty-Six Stratagems)

7. The Sequence in Qin’s Conquest of other states • Conquest of Han: 230 • Conquest of Zhao: 228 • Conquest of Wei: 225 • Conquest of Chu: 223 • Conquest of Yan: 222 • Conquest of Qi: 221 (surrendered to Qin without fighting)

8. Map of the Warring States

9. Military Supremacy兵马俑【bīngmǎyǒng】 burial figures of warriors and horses;terracotta warriors • Qin’s archery (Zhao’s calligraphy); • Qin’s soldiers fight without helmets--bare-headed” army of the Qin dynasty • Shang Yang’s military reform—based on merit;

10. Welcome Worthies and Talented • Zhengguo Canal; • Originally dispatched to Qin from Han as a spy to exhaust the State of Qin by a huge undertaking; • About 150 kilometers long, the canal diverted River Jing to River Wei, thus able to irrigate 40,000 顷 field • 【qǐng】 qing, a unit of area (=6.6667 hectares);

11. A dam is a barrier to obstruct the flow of water, esp. one of earth, masonry, etc., built across a stream or river. Weir 〔英国〕堰，(导流)坝 To divert the flow of the water The Weir at River Du, Dujiang Yan, 256 BCE; Zhengguo Canal郑国渠, 246 BCE Lingqu Canal, 214 BCE A weir is a dam placed across a river or canal to raise or divert the water, to regulate or measure the flow. A Dam/Dike vs. a Weir

12. 秦始皇【qínshǐhuáng】 the first emperor who united China. king of the Chinese State of Qin from 246 BC to 221 BC during the Warring States Period. He became the first emperor of a unified China in 221 BC It is required you watch two movies on the first emperor. Qin Shi Huang (259 BC – 210 BC)

13. A strong Centralized Government • County magistrates are appointed by the central government; • Registration of the Household, a leash on residents; 户籍【hùjí】 census register; household register; registered permanent residence. This curbs mobility of residents (as responsibilities and benefits are tied to where you live); • Grown up sons must establish their own residence for tax purpose; • Draconian legal practice;

14. Two famous Chancellors • Lǚ Buwei • the 239 BCE Lüshi Chunqiu (Mr. Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals, the title echoes Confucius’ Spring & Autumn Annals). • Offered award for any revision; • His dynamic relationship with the first emperor; • Li Si 李斯; (ca. 280 BC – September or October 208 BC) was the influential Prime Minister (or Chancellor) of the feudal state and later of the dynasty of Qin, between 246 BC and 208 BC. A famous legalist, he was also a notable calligrapher of小篆Xiao Zhuan, Small Seal Script.

15. Feudalistic Land Ownership • Private ownership of land is legally protected in 216 BCE • This changed the nature of the Chinese society, marking a clear-cut break from the Zhou rule under which Enfeoffment defined the relationship between the son of heaven and his vassals.

16. shū tóng wén 书 同 文 The language This has turned out to be extremely consequential; The language has been functioning like glue to unite the whole nation; chē tóng guǐ 车 同 轨 Two Major Imperial Speedways: one eastbound to Yan and Qi; and one southbound to Wu and Chu—50 feet wide, with pines planted on each side every three zhangs: 丈【zhàng】 a unit of length (=3.333 metres); In 212, another Imperial Speedway was built northbound, about 1,800 li in length, equivalent to 900 kilometers, The distance in between two sleepers underneath the road coincided with the distance of steps of a galloping horse… I UnificationEfficiency in Government

17. General Meng Tian 蒙恬 In 218 on his military Expeditionto defeat Xiongnu To counterbalance Xiongnu, the emperor adopted a new immigration policy, moving 30,000 people to the Inner Mongolian area; This turned out to be quite effective Qin vs. Xiongnu (Mongols/Turks)The Hans vs. the Huns

18. 焚书坑儒【fénshūkēngrú】 burn the books and bury 460 scholars alive in 213 BCE. Li Si: Memorial on the Burning of Books, page 209 in the Source Book, v.1