Chemistry-1 CP Chapters 22 & 23 Hydrocarbon Compounds

1. Chemistry-1 CPChapters 22 & 23 Hydrocarbon Compounds

2. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY:The study of compounds containing CARBON There are more than a 10 million organic compounds!

3. Allotropes Lonsdaleite One of two or more different molecular forms of the same element in the same physical state

4. HYDROCARBONS HYDROCARBON PREFIXES The simplest organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen Carbon has 4 valence electrons, and therefore always forms 4 covalent bonds!

5. ILLUSTRATING HYDROCARBONS C4H10 Molecular Formula Complete Structural Formula C-C-C-C Carbon Skeleton CH3(CH2)3CH3 Line-Angle Formula Condensed Structural Formulas

6. Alkanes • A hydrocarbon in which there are only single bonds • In an alkane all the carbon-carbon bonds are single covalent bonds • All other bonds are carbon-hydrogen bonds • The carbon atoms in an alkane can be arranged in a straight chain or in a chain that has branches. • Alkanes are called saturated compounds because they contain only single covalent bonds

7. Straight Chain Alkanes • Contain any number of carbon atoms, one after the other, in a chain • Homologous Series: A constant increment of change in molecular structure from one compound in the series to the next • In an alkane a CH2 group is the increment of change

8. Naming Straight-Chain Alkanes

9. Branched Chain Alkanes • An alkane with one or more alkyl groups • Substituent: An atom or group of atoms that can take the place of a hydrogen atom on a parent hydrocarbon molecule • Parent Alkane: The longest continuous carbon chain of a branched–chain hydrocarbon • Alkyl Group: A hydrocarbon substituent

10. NAMING BRANCHED ALKANES

11. PROPERTIES OF ALKANES • Molecules of hydrocarbons are nonpolar molecules • Attraction between nonpolar molecules are weak van der Waals forces • Alkanes of lower molar mass tend to be gases or liquids that boil at low temperatures • Will form a solution with nonpolar compounds because “Like dissolves Like” • Will not form solutions with polar compounds

12. UNSATURATED COMPOUNDS: Compounds that contain double or triple carbon-carbon bonds

13. To Name Alkenes/Alkynes

14. Draw the structural formulas for: Propyne Propane Propene

15. ISOMERS Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different molecular structures

16. Structural Isomers Compounds that have the same molecular formulas but the atoms are joined in a different way • Structural isomers differ in physical properties such as melting/boiling points • Have different chemical reactivities

17. PROPERTIES The more highly branched the hydrocarbon, the lower the boiling point hydrocarbon

18. STEREOISOMERS Molecules in which the atoms are joined in the same order, but the positions of the atoms in space are different. 1) Geometric Isomers: Atoms are joined in the same order but differ in orientation around a double bond. trans: Similar groups are on opposite sides of the double bond cis: Similar groups are on the same side of the double bond

19. Which is cis and which is trans?

20. STEREOISOMERS • Optical Isomers: Differ in the way that four different groups are arranged around a central carbon atom. • Asymmetric Carbon: A carbon with 4 different atoms or groups attached

21. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS • Organic compounds can be classified according to their functional group. • Functional Group: A specific arrangment of atoms in an organic compound that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions • Organic compounds can be classified by their functional groups!

23. Halocarbons A class of organic compounds containing covalently bonded fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. Naming: The halogen groups are named as substituents

24. Halocarbons Properties: • Weak van der Waals interactions called dispersion forces • Forces increase with halogen substitution • More highly halogenated organic compounds have higher boiling points • Very few are found in nature

25. Halocarbons 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and its Amendments, which have both high ozone depleting potentials (ODPs)

26. Alcohols An organic compound with an –OH group • Hydroxyl Group: The –OH functional group “In many ways, prohibition was the catalyst for the first (and arguably biggest) large-scale Do-It-Yourself science movement in the nation's history”. Robert T. Gonzalez, BBC

27. Naming Alcohols 1) Drop the –e ending of the parent alkane name and add the ending –ol 2) Parent alkane is the longest continuous chain that includes the carbon attached to the hydroxyl group 3) If the hydroxyl group can occur at more than one position, its position is designated with the lowest possible number. 4) Alcohols containing 2, 3, or 4 –OH substituents are named diols, triols, and tetrols

28. Properties of Alcohols • Capable of intermolecular hydrogen bonding • Higher boiling points than alkanes & halocarbons containing comparable numbers • Alcohols up to 4 carbon atoms are soluble in water • Solubility with 4 carbons or more is much lower • Carbon chain is nonpolar (not attracted to water)…more carbons = more nonpolar parts to the molecule • Hydroxyl part is polar…that’s why small alcohols are soluble in water

29. Uses of Alcohols • Common Name: Isopropyl Alcohol • IUPAC Name: • Rubbing alcohol • Base for perfumes, creams & lotions • Common Name: Ethylene glycol • IUPAC Name: • Main ingredient in antifreeze • Soluble in water • Freezes at -17.4C • Common Name: Ethanol • IUPAC Name: • Alcoholic Beverages • A depressant • In industry: denatured alcohol

30. Aldehydes An organic compound in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is always joined to at least one hydrogen • Carbonyl Group: a CO group

31. Ketones An organic compound in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is joined to two other carbons

32. Naming Aldehydes & Ketones • Identify the longest hydrocarbon chain containing the functional group • 2. For aldehydes, replace the –e of the hydrocarbon with –al • 3. For ketones, replace the –e of the hydrocarbon with –one • 4. If the functional group can occur at more than one place, designate its position with the lowest possible number.

33. Properties of Aldehydes & Ketones • Form weak hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl oxygen and the hydrogen atoms of water • Low molar mass compounds are soluble in water • Above 5 or 6 carbon atoms, solubility is low • Soluble in nonpolar solvents • Boiling points are lower than alcohols • Boiling points are higher than alkanes • Because of polar ends they can have polar-polar interactions • Typically liquids or solids at room temperature

34. Uses of Aldehydes & Ketones • High molar mass aldehydes & ketones have fragrant or penetrating odors • Aromatic aldehydes often used as flavoring agents • Almond odor (benzaldehyde) & Cinnamon odor (cinnamonaldehyde) • Formaldehyde (methanal) • Acetone (propanone) • Solvent for plastics, nail polish removers, etc.

35. Esters Contain a carbonyl group and an ether link (C-O-C) to the carbonyl group

36. Properties of Esters • Pleasant, fruity odors Uses of Esters • Give blueberries, pineapples, apples, pears, bananas and many other fruits their characteristic odors • Give many perfumes their fragrances

37. Polymers