Neuroanatomy of language 2 Sept 13, 2013 – DAY 10

1. Neuroanatomy of language 2Sept 13, 2013 – DAY 10 Brain & Language LING 4110-4890-5110-7960 NSCI 4110-4891-6110 Harry Howard Tulane University

2. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Course organization • The syllabus, these slides and my recordings are available at http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/LING4110/. • If you want to learn more about EEG and neurolinguistics, you are welcome to participate in my lab. This is also a good way to get started on an honor's thesis. • The grades are posted to Blackboard.

3. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Review

4. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Linguistic model, Fig. 2.1 p. 37 Discourse model Semantics Sentence level Syntax Sentence prosody Word level Morphology Word prosody Segmental phonology perception Segmental phonology production Acoustic phonetics Feature extraction Articulatory phonetics Speech motor control INPUT

5. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Short history of research

6. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Macrostructure The parts of the brain that you can see with the naked eye

7. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Questions • What are the axes of the brain? • What are the lobes of the brain and what do they do? • What connections important for language? • How does one refer to the areas of the brain?

8. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Axes

9. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Vertical axis: ventral/dorsal • Orientation of picture • Which way is forward? • to the left: cerebellum at back • Which hemisphere do we see? • medial side of right; left is cut away > sagittal view • Vertical axis • Dorsal is up, like dorsal fin (dorsal comes from Latin word for back) • Ventral is down (ventral comes from Latin word for belly) • Cortical vs. subcortical division • Cerebrum vs. cerebellum • Cerebral cortex (neocortex) vs. cerebellar cortex

10. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Longitudinal axis: anterior/posterior • lobes • Sylvian fissure • perisylvian area

11. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Longitudinal axis, functions

12. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Motor & somatosensory homunucli (sg. homunculus)

13. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Lateral axis: left/right

14. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Lateral axis • General • Which way is anterior? • motor and sensory organs are crossed (decussation) • ipsilateral, contralateral • LH • language • math • logic • RH • spatial abilities • visual imagery • face recognition • music

15. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Connections

16. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University The cerebrum is mostly connections

17. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Diffusion tensor imaging

18. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Connections Corpus callosum Arcuate fasciculus

19. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Naming conventions How to refer to specific areas of the brain

20. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Gyrii • AnG - angular gyrus • FP - frontal pole • IFG - inferior frontal gyrus • IOG - inferior occipital gyrus • ITG - inferior temporal gyrus • LOG - lateral occipital gyrus • MFG - middle frontal gyrus • MTG - middle temporal gyrus • OG - orbital gyrus • oper - pars opercularis (IFG) • orb - pars orbitalis (IFG) • tri - pars triangularis (IFG) • poCG - postcentral gyrus • preCG - precentral gyrus • SFG - superior frontal gyrus • SOG - superior occipital gyrus • SPL - superior parietal lobe • STG - superior temporal gyrus • SmG - supramarginal gyrus • TP - temporal pole

21. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Sulcii • cs - central sulcus (Rolandic) • hr - horizontal ramus • ifs - inferior frontal sulcus • ios - inferior occipital sulcus • ips - intraparietal sulcus • syl - lateral fissure (Sylvian) • los - lateral occipital sulcus • ls - lunate sulcus • pof - parieto-occipital fissure • pocs - postcentral sulcus • precs - precentral sulcus • sfs - superior frontal sulcus • tos - transoccipital sulcus • vr - vertical ramus

22. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Brodmann's areas

23. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Brodmann's areas, functions

24. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Stereotaxic (Talairach) coordinates • MRI scans vary greatly between individuals due to differences in slice orientation and brain features (i.e. brain size and shape varies across individuals). • Therefore, it is generally useful to ‘normalize’ scans to a standard template. • Normalization is the process of translating, rotating, scaling, and maybe warping a brain to roughly match a standard template image. • After normalization, it is possible to report locations using stereotaxic (“Talairach”) coordinates, which are three numbers (X,Y,Z) that describe the distance from the anterior commissure (the 'origin' of Talairach space). • The X,Y,Z dimensions refer to left-right, posterior-anterior, and ventral-dorsal respectively. So 38x-64x58mm refers to a point in right posterior dorsal region of the brain.

25. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University NEXT TIME Ingram §3: Neuroanatomy of language, any leftovers ☞ Go over questions at end of chapter.