Engine Lubricants and Lubricating Systems

1. Engine Lubricants and Lubricating Systems Home Page: http://baen.tamu.edu/users/lepori/ AGSM 201 Slides Page: <http://baen.tamu.edu/users/lepori/agsm_power_point_slides.htm>

2. Functions of Engine Oils Reduce wear Reduce friction Seal Compression Reduce noise Cool engine parts Reduce rust Keep parts clean

3. Organizations Providing Uniform Standards for Oil S.A.E. Society of Automotive Engineers A.P.I. American Petroleum Institute A.S.T.M. American Society of Testing & Materials American Automobile Manufacturers Association Engine Manufacturers Association I.S.O. International Standards Organizations

4. Properties of Motor Oils Viscosity Viscosity Index (VI) Flash Point Pour Point Per cent sulfated ash Per cent zinc.

5. Properties of Motor Oils Viscosity Viscosity Index (VI) Flash Point Pour Point Per cent sulfated ash Per cent zinc.

6. Viscosity Measure of the "flowability“ Kinematic Dynamic Property – Resistance to flow Shearing stress High viscosity - thick oils Too high viscosity may not reach all parts Low viscosity – thin oil Too low viscosity may not provide enough strength to keep parts from wearing

7. Dynamic & KinematicViscosity

8. Kinematic Viscosity Measurement

9. Dynamic Viscosity Measurement

10. Weight of oils Common term identifying viscosity for oils Numbers assigned by the S.A.E. correspond to "real" viscosity, as measured by accepted techniques. These measurements are taken at specific temperatures. Oils that fall into a certain range are designated 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 by the S.A.E. The W means the oil meets specifications for viscosity at 0 F and is therefore suitable for Winter use.

13. Properties of Motor Oils Viscosity Viscosity Index (VI) Flash Point Pour Point Per cent sulfated ash Per cent zinc.

14. Viscosity index The measure of an oil's ability to resist changes in viscosity when subjected to changes in temperature. As temperature increases viscosity decreases. Low temperatures – High viscosity High temperature – Low viscosity

15. Multi-viscosity/Multi-grade Oil Oil meeting SAE requirements for both low-temperature requirements of light oil and high-temperature requirements. Also know as multiweight oil. Oil that meets certain low-temperature and high-temperature requirements simultaneously (e.g., SAE l0W-40).

16. Properties of Motor Oils Viscosity Viscosity Index (VI) Flash Point Minimum sample temperature at which vapor is produced at a sufficient rate to yield a combustible mixture. Pour Point The lowest temperature at which oil will pour. Per cent sulfated ash Per cent zinc.

17. Properties of Motor Oils Viscosity Viscosity Index (VI) Flash Point Pour Point Percent sulfated ash how much solid material is left when the oil burns. A high ash content will tend to form more sludge and deposits in the engine. Low ash content also seems to promote long valve life. Look for oils with a low ash content. Per cent zinc.

18. Properties of Motor Oils Viscosity Viscosity Index (VI) Flash Point Pour Point Per cent sulfated ash Percent zinc the amount of zinc used as an extreme pressure, anti-wear additive. The zinc is only used when there is actual metal to metal contact in the engine. Hopefully the oil will do its job and this will rarely occur, but if it does, the zinc compounds react with the metal to prevent scuffing and wear. A level of 0.11% is enough to protect an automobile engine for the extended oil drain interval, under normal use.

19. Common motor oil additives Viscosity index improvers used to enhance the base qualities of the oil, and to keep the oil from thinning too much as heat increases. Pour-point depressants prevent crystals from forming in extreme cold conditions, and consequently lower the oil's pour point (temperature at which it pours).

20. Common motor oil additives Oxidation inhibitors help prevent the oil from oxidizing (in other words, burning). When oil oxidizes, it loses its ability to protect the engine. It also produces sludge deposits and traps corrosive acids. Rust-corrosion inhibitors help prevent and neutralize water and oxygen from acid-etching the metals in the engine and forming rust particles. If this corrosion were to happen, some complex acids would form and other sludge problems would occur.

21. Common motor oil additives Dispersants help the oil to absorb and retain contaminants such as dirt or tiny metal particles (from engine wear) until the oil passes through the oil filter, where the contaminants are trapped. Detergents help to remove contaminants from the engine components and hold them in the oil until it reaches a filter, or until it is changed the next time. They don't only clean up a dirty engine.

22. Common motor oil additives Friction modifiers/wear inhibitors "stick" to engine surfaces better, reducing friction and improving fuel economy. Oils with the "energy conserving" labels contain friction modifiers. Foam inhibitors (Antifoamants) prevent the oil from being whipped into many tiny air bubbles. Air bubbles don't lubricate. This also helps prevent sludge formation when the emulsion process is a possible threat in an engine.

23. Types of Motor Oils Petroleum Based Refined from crude oil Supplemented with additives Synthetic Lubricants chemically engineered from pure chemicals rather than refined from crude oil. Can provide significant advantages over refined oils. Longer oil change intervals Longer engine life Increase gas mileage More expensive

24. What the h___ is he talking about? Items that tell us about selecting an oil!

25. What the h___ is he talking about? How to select an oil for different purposes. What to look for on an oil container.

26. What Oil Should You Use

27. API “Donut”

28. GasolineServiceClassification

29. DieselEngineClassification

30. Lubrication Systems Splash Dipper Slinger Force Feed & Splash Full Force Feed

31. Splash Lubrication

32. Force Feed and Splash

33. Full Force Feed

34. Oil Pump

35. Oil pump intake screen

36. Engine Oil Degradation and Contamination Oil thickening Oxidation Vaporization of lighter components Fuel Hydrocarbon compounds Combustion Products Carbon Water Sulphur Oxides Fuel chemical additives Dust and Dirt Metal – from wear of components

37. Oil Filtration Systems By-Pass Full –Flow Shunt

40. Two filters provide ability to filter smaller particles

41. Filter elements Surface Pleated paper Metal screen Depth Cotton waste

42. Changing oil and filters renews engine protection Dirty oil reduces life of an engine. Reduce maintenance and increase engine life by changing engine oil and filters on a regularly scheduled basis. Interval between changes depends on operating conditions. Oil analysis provides management of oil change intervals Recommend for fleet operations.

43. Oil Pressure – Important Sensor

45. Lubrication Links on the Web Motor oils and more Motor Oil Functions & Properties Selecting motor oils API Starburst and Donut Motor Oil Additives Lubrication Systems Filtration Systems Sources of oil contaminants Filters & filter media Synthetic oil base stocks Synthetic oil history Oil Analysis – Example 1 Example 2