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Chapter 19

Chapter 19. Blood. Blood Overview. spin blood separate into 2 parts (3). liquid cells (formed elements). WBC’s. RBC’s. Blood. chapter outline:. Overview Plasma Formed elements RBC’s WBC’s platlets (fragments) hemostasis. Blood Overview. fluid CT

nicholas-sherman
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Chapter 19

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  1. Chapter 19 Blood

  2. Blood Overview spin blood separate into 2 parts (3) liquid cells (formed elements) WBC’s RBC’s

  3. Blood chapter outline: • Overview • Plasma • Formed elements • RBC’s • WBC’s • platlets (fragments) • hemostasis

  4. Blood Overview fluid CT part of the cardiovascular system (heart, vessels) • provide nutrients, O2, chemical messages • removes wastes • provide protection • to/from/for all the cells of the body

  5. Blood Overview • transport: • dissolved gases • nutrients • hormones • wastes • regulate: • ionic composition and pH of body fluids

  6. Blood Overview • restrict fluid lose at injury • defend against toxins and pathogens • stabilize body temperature

  7. Blood Overview • restrict fluid lose at injury • defend against toxins and pathogens • stabilize body temperature

  8. Blood Overview plasma • ~55% of blood • H2O 92% • plasma proteins 7% • ions • nutirents • wastes • hormones

  9. Blood Overview formed elements produced through hemopoiesis 99.9% RBC’s 0.1 % WBC’s and platlets

  10. Blood Overview whole blood • 38˚ C • 5x more viscous than H2O • (sticky, thick) • slightly alkalai • pH 7.35 - 7.45 • 5-6 L in average adult male (165) • 4-5 L in average adult female (125) • (7% of body weight)

  11. Clinical Note blood donations • median cubital vein • venipuncture • easy to find • thin walls than arteries • lower bp than arteries

  12. Clinical Note capillary blood finger tip earlobe toe / heel (infant) small quantity (drops)

  13. Clinical Note arterial blood radial or brachial artery check blood gases

  14. Stop here 3/21 Lec #29

  15. Blood plasma body fluids ICF ECF interstitial fluid blood plasma

  16. Blood plasma • similar in composition to interstitial fluid (ECF) • (different than ICF) • but different than ECF in: • dissolved gases (O2, CO2) • (always being used by cells) • dissolved proteins • (don’t cross capillary walls)

  17. Blood plasma proteins: • 7.6 g% (5x ICF) • 7.6 grams / 100 ml plasma • large size and globular shape • prevents them from leaving vessels • three classes of proteins: albumins globulins fibrinogen

  18. Blood plasma proteins: albumins 60% of plasma proteins made in liver transport: fatty acids hormones other stuff

  19. Blood plasma proteins: globulins 35% of plasma proteins two types immunoglobulins transport globulins aka., antibodies (Ab) hormone-binding (thyroid H) metalloaproteins (iron) apolipoproteins (lipids) steroid-binding (testosterone)

  20. Blood plasma proteins: fibrinogen 4% of plasma proteins blood clotting converted to fibrin (strings) (framework for clot) plasma without clotting stuff = serum

  21. Blood plasma proteins: other plasma proteins • various • hormones origins of proteins liver makes 90% plasma cells make antibodies (Ab)

  22. 100 keys pg. 643 “Your total blood volume, in liters, is roughly equal to 7% of your body weight (in kilograms). Approximately half the volume of whole blood consists of cells and cell products. Plasma resembles interstitial fluid, but it contains a unique mixture of proteins not found in other extracellular fluids.”

  23. Clinical Note Plasma expanders used to increase blood volume (buy time to determine blood type) isotonic (normal) saline solutions short-lived diffuse into interstitial fluid and cells Ringer’s solution has lactate (slows diffusion) Dextran in saline

  24. Clinical Note Plasma expanders • temporarily replace blood volume • don’t help increase O2 carried • need to give or make new RBC’s

  25. Formed elements RBC’s aka., red blood cells erythocytes contain pigment molecule hemoglobin Hb + O2 HbO2 (dark) (bright red)

  26. RBC’s Quantity # RBC’s in one µl (microliter) (1 mm3) about 5,000,000 cells / µl x 5 L of blood 25,000,000,000 RBC’s in adult

  27. RBC’s Quantity percentage of whole blood occupied by RBC’s hematocrit average is about 45 males 42 females

  28. RBC’s Quantity What factors may affect the hematocrit ? increase decrease dehydration EPO stimulation bleeding problems with RBC production

  29. fig. 19-2c RBC’s Structure • unusual cells • lack most organelles • (nucleus, mitochondria, etc) • except cytoskeleton • biconcave discs

  30. fig. 19-2d

  31. RBC’s Structure shape • large surface area to volume ratio • absorption and release of O2 • form stacks to go through vessels • can bend and flex to get through narrow capillaries

  32. RBC’s Structure lack of organelles • cannot divide • cannot synthesize proteins • cannot repair itself • short life-span (120 days) • replace ~1% each day • low energy demands

  33. RBC’s Structure What do they have inside ? 95% of proteins inside the cell is hemoglobin (Hb) 14 g%

  34. RBC’s Structure of Hemoglobin • complex structure • 4 polypeptide chains • 2 alpha (a) chains • 2 beta (b) chains • (amino acids) • each chain has a heme • pigment moleucle • Fe2+

  35. fig. 19-3

  36. RBC’s Structure of Hemoglobin • 280 million Hb molecules/RBC • one RBC can carry over a billion O2 • O2 bound depends on [O2] if [CO2] is high bind to Hb carbaminohemoglobin

  37. RBC’s Structure of Hemoglobin low hematocrit low Hb reduced O2-carrying capacity many forms = anemia reduced flow of O2 to tissues weakness, lethargy, confusion

  38. RBC’s Formation / Turnover exposed to severe mechanical stress cannot repair themselves macrophages engulf old/damaged cells engulf cell parts after hemolysis

  39. RBC’s Formation / Turnover hemolysis releases Hb from cells if phagocytosed - recycled if not, eliminated by kidney hemoglobinuria red or brown urine lots of Hb in urine

  40. RBC’s Formation / Turnover hemolysis hemoglobinuria hematuria • intact RBC’s in urine • means kidney damage or • blood vessel damage

  41. RBC’s Formation / Turnover recycling (by macrophages) globin proteins amino acids reused

  42. RBC’s Formation / Turnover recycling (by macrophages) heme (without Fe2+) bilverdin (greenish) (bruise) bilirubin (yellowish) (jaundice) excretion (urine, feces)

  43. RBC’s Formation / Turnover recycling Fe2+ (if free, is toxic to cells) • transported to bone marrow • by transferrin • used to make new RBC’s • need 26 mg/day • 1-2 mg is usually enough • most is recycled

  44. RBC’s Formation / Turnover recycling too little Fe2+ reduction of RBC production dietary deficiency iron absorption iron-deficiency anemia

  45. RBC’s Formation / Turnover recycling too much Fe2+ • excessive buildup in heart • linked to heart disease • excessive buildup in liver

  46. fig. 19-4

  47. to here 3/23 lec # 30

  48. 100 Keys (pg. 649) “Red blood cells (RBC’s) are the most numerous cells in the body. They remain in circulation for approximately 4 months before being recycled; several million are produced each second. The hemoglobin inside RBCs transports oxygen from the lungs to the peripheral tissues; it also carries carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.”

  49. RBC’s Production erythropoiesis embryo yolk sac fetus liver, spleen adults red bone marrow (aka., myeloid tissue)

  50. RBC’s Production hemocytoblast myeloid stem cell proerythroblasts - - - normoblasts (sheds nucleus) reticulocyte (enter blood) mature RBC

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