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NATO UAV Related Documents LTC Mihai STIR, ROU AF stir@japcc.de Future Capabilities Branch

NATO UAV Related Documents LTC Mihai STIR, ROU AF stir@japcc.de Future Capabilities Branch NATO Joint Air Power Competence Centre (JAPCC) The 2007 Meeting of the Maritime Operations WG January 23 rd , 2007 NEWPORT, Rhode Island, USA. Overview. NATO Documents related to UAVs

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NATO UAV Related Documents LTC Mihai STIR, ROU AF stir@japcc.de Future Capabilities Branch

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  1. NATO UAV Related Documents LTC Mihai STIR, ROU AF stir@japcc.de Future Capabilities Branch NATO Joint Air Power Competence Centre (JAPCC) The 2007 Meeting of the Maritime Operations WG January 23rd, 2007 NEWPORT, Rhode Island, USA

  2. Overview • NATO Documents related to UAVs • NATO UAV Specific Documents • National and International UAV Documents

  3. Overview • NATO Documents related to UAVs • NATO UAV Specific Documents • National and International UAV Documents

  4. NATO Documents related to UAVs • Prague Capabilities Commitments (PCC) • Long Term Capabilities Requirements (LTCR) • Force Proposals (FP) • Defence Planning Questionnaire (DPQ) • NATO Defence Requirement Review (NATO DRR) • Combined Joint Statement of Requirements for NATO Response Force (NRF CJSOR) • Full Motion Video Concept of Operations (FMV CONOPS) NATO Requirements and National Commitments

  5. STANAGs related with UAS STANAG 4586 –Standard Interfaces of UAV Control Systems (UCS) for NATO UAV Interoperability, Edition 2 STANAG 4670 – Recommended Guidance for the Training of Designated UAV Operators (DUO) – Not ratified STANAG xxxx –Standard Interoperable C2 Data Link (ICDL) for NATO UAV Interoperability – Draft Primary Imagery – STANAG 7023 Imagery Data Base Secondary Imagery – STANAG 4545 STANAG 4559 GMTI Radar Data – Study (STANAG) 4607 Motion Imagery – Study (STANAG) 4609 Data Formats Data Link STANAG 7085 Tape STANAG 7024 SAMPLE TEXT FOR REPORT. PROB 4 TANKS LOCATED AT COORDINATES 45 56.004N 120 32.897w Text Reports, Annotated Images and Maps Advanced Data Storage STANAG 3377* STANAG 4575 * Not controlled by AG IV

  6. Overview • NATO Documents related to UAVs • NATO UAV Specific Documents • National and International UAV Documents

  7. NATO bodies involved in UAVs • Conference of National Armaments Directors, NATO Naval Armaments Group, Joint Capabilities Group for UAVs • NATO Standardisation Agency • NATO Standardisation Agency, Joint UAV Panel • NATO Research and Technology Agency • NATO Consultation, Command and Control Agency • Joint Force Command HQ Brunssum • Joint Air Power Competence Centre • Others

  8. NATO UAV Specific Documents • Military Requirements for Reconnaissance, Surveillance and Target Acquisition UAV NATO Air Force Armaments Group, Air Group 7 on UAVs Document AC/224(AG7)D/12, 16 October 2002 Comments: A description of an generic operating concept. It states the military requirements and capabilities for performing NATO RSTA missions. Guidance for National Acquisition efforts so as to best meet NATO needs for to maintain the ability to monitor the activities of any enemy.

  9. NATO UAV Specific Documents • Pre-Feasibility Study on UAV Autonomous Operations NATO Industrial Advisory Group, Study Group 75 Document NIAG (SG/75), 2004 Comments: In general the study found that the development of autonomous capabilities for UAV systems was feasible and would have significant benefit for UAV operations. The enabling technologies have been identified and some of them are mature enough that a certain degree of autonomy could be demonstrated in 2-4 years.

  10. NATO UAV Specific Documents 3. NATO Staff Requirement for a NATO Maritime UAV System NATO Naval Armaments Group, Project Group 35 on a Maritime UAV System Document AC/141(PG/35)D/8-REV5, 15 April 2004 Comments: Provided a statement of an operational requirement for a multi-role MUAV system which affords user interoperability in a number of mission configurations. Guidance for National Acquisition efforts so as to best meet NATO needs for co-operative development and procurement of fully integrated MUAV systems.

  11. NATO UAV Specific Documents 4. NATO Staff Requirement for a NATO Reconnaissance, Surveillance and Target Acquisition (RSTA) High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) System NATO Naval Armaments Group, Joint Capability Group on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (JCGUAV) Document AC/141(JCGUAV)D(2006)0001, 10 March 2006 Comments: A NATO Staff Requirement for HALE – altitudes above 45,000ft, endurance greater than or equal to 24 hours. Guidance for acquiring a NATO Owned and Operated capability or by nations wishing to develop systems compatible with NATO ISR Interoperability Architecture (NIIA).

  12. NATO UAV Specific Documents 5. NATO Staff Requirement for a NATO Reconnaissance, Surveillance and Target Acquisition (RSTA) Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) System NATO Naval Armaments Group, Joint Capability Group on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (JCGUAV) Document AC/141(JCGUAV)D(2006)0002, 10 March 2006 Comments: A NATO Staff Requirement for MALE – altitudes between 10,000 and 50,000ft, endurance greater than or equal to 8 hours. Guidance for NATO partners which specifically details system requirements, including those for sensor, air vehicle, control station and data link for UAVs in the MALE category.

  13. NATO UAV Specific Documents 6. Joint UAV Roadmap NATO Naval Armaments Group, Project Group 35 on a Maritime UAV System, Air Group 7 on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Topical Group 2 on Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) Document AC/141(PG/35)D/0021, AC/224(AG/7)D(2005)0003, PFP (NAAG-G/2)D(2005)0002, 28 October 2005 Comments: NATO Naval Armaments Group (NNAG) was assigned to lead the transition towards the JUAVG. The most important documents for the new group would be the TOR and an updated Joint UAV Roadmap. The Joint UAV Roadmap provides an overview of objectives, milestones and deliverables of the new JUAVG.

  14. Joint UAV Roadmap RSTA = Reconnaissance, Surveillance and Target Acquisition RSTA JOINT UAV ROADMAP Outside Organization Air Force L ead Navy Lead Army Lead Joint Co - op NATO ISR Interoperability Architecture (NIIA) AG/4 4575, 4607 and 4609 7085 JUAVG Edition 2 STANAG 4586 Edition “n” Edition 1 Interoperability Edition “n” Edition 2 JUAVG STANAG 4586 Implementation and Validation Guide Documents JUAVG IC2DL STANAG ATC/ATM guidelines NATMC FINAS - ATC/ATM Certification / JUAVG - FINAS Airworthiness Airspace Integration - JUAVG FINAS Flight rules for GAT Airworthiness JUAVG Operator Qualification Operator Qualification guidelines Guidelines HALE NSR JUAVG RSTA HALE NSR JUAVG Capability MALE NSR RSTA MALE NSR Integration RSTA HALE/MALE SHAPE CONOPS TG/2 Tactical JUAVG MND Micro UAV Systems Classification Autonomy UAV Autonomous Ops PFS Autonomous Ops..Enabling Technology Demonstrations (TDP) Study Review JUAVG PFS Report 2007 2005 2003 2006 2008 2004

  15. NATO UAV Specific Documents 7. Joint Group on UAV - Terms of Reference (TOR) NATO Naval Armaments Group, Project Group 35 on a Maritime UAV System, Air Group 7 on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Topical Group 2 on Tactical UAVs Document AC/141(PG/35)D/0020, AC/224(AG/7)D(2005)0002, PFP (NAAG-TG/2)D(2005)0001, 17 October 2005 Comments: Established the Joint UAV Group (JUAVG) under the NATO Naval Armaments Group by January 2006. Provides guidance for JUAVG to coordinate and execute all activities within NATO leading to acceptance, fielding and utilizations of interoperable UAV systems in support of military operations.

  16. NATO UAV Specific Documents 8. Terms of Reference (TOR) for the Joint Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Panel (JUAVP) NATO Standardization Agency Document NSA(AIR)0834(2006)-JUAV(TOR), 15 December 2005 Comments: Establishes the JUAV Panel as the operational body to improve NATO forces’ effectiveness by enhancing/facilitating interoperability through coordinating and harmonizing operational UAV related activities between the working groups/panels within the MC and between the MC and CNAD.

  17. NATO UAV Specific Documents 9. NATO Standardization Agreement (STANAG) 4586 (Edition 2) on Standard Interfaces of UAV Control Systems (UCS) for NATO UAV Interoperability NATO Standardization Agency Promulgated on March 2005 Comments: Promote interoperability of present and future UAV systems in a NATO Combined/Joint Service Environment. Enable interoperability between the ground segments, the air segments and the C4I segments of UAV systems.

  18. STANAG 4586 STANAG 4586 Standard Interfaces of UAV Control Systems (UCS) for NATO UAV Interoperability “STANAGs rarely hit the headlines”, but this one “is really good news for NATO’s armaments community.” Mr. Robert Bell NATO Assistant Secretary General for Defence Support, 1999-2003

  19. STANAG 4586 • Aim • Promote interoperability of present and future UAV systems in a NATO Combined/Joint Service Environment • Objective • Achieve interoperability between the ground segments (e.g., UCS), the air segments (e.g., UAVs), and the Command, Control, Communication, Computer and Intelligence (C4I) segments of UAV Systems operating in a NATO Combined/Joint Service environment • Specify the interfaces that shall be implemented in order to achieve the operationally required and feasible Level of Interoperability (LOI) according to the respective UAV system’s CONOPS as applicable to the specific system and theatre of operations.

  20. STANAG 4586 • Levels of Interoperability (LOI), Edition 1 • Indirect receipt of secondary imagery and/or data Level 1 • Direct receipt of payload data by UCS; where direct covers reception of the UAV payload data by the UCS when it has direct line-of-sight with the UAV or a relay device which has direct line-of-sight Level 2 • Level 2 interoperability and control of the UAV payload by a UCS Level 3 Level 4 • Level 3 interoperability and UAV flight control by a UCS • Level 4 interoperability and the ability of the UCS to launch and recover the UAV Level 5 Remark: Edition 2 will slightly chance the LOIs with the idea that Level 1 to 3 solely address the payload control and payload data dissemination (reception/transmission), whereas Level 4 and 5 address the flight control of the UAV only.

  21. NATO UAV Specific Documents 10. Draft NATO Standardization Agreement (STANAG) 4670 on Recommended Guidance for the Training of Designated Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Operators (DUO) NATO Standardization Agency Under ratification procedure until 10 April 2007 Comments: Recommends standard procedures for future Unmanned Aerial Vehicles operators training in NATO.

  22. NATO UAV Specific Documents 11.Draft NATO Standardization Agreement on Standard Interoperable Command and Control Data Link (ICDL) for NATO UAV Interoperability NATO Standardization Agency Currently under development Comments: Establishes regulations for interoperable C2 data links for UAVs.

  23. NATO UAV Specific Documents 12.Draft NATO Doctrine and Procedures for Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Land Operations NATO Standardization Agency Study No. 2289, Edition 1, Draft 1, August 2006 Comments: Guidance for land commanders and staff officers at battle group level up to corps level on doctrine and tactics, techniques and procedures (TTPs) for the employment of UAV systems (UAVS) within the full spectrum of operations at the tactical level..

  24. NATO UAV Specific Documents 13.The Joint Air Power Competence Center (JAPCC) Flight Plan for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in NATO NATO Joint Air Power Competence Center The Final Draft is ready to be approved Comments: The JAPCC Flight Plan brings NATO together - Reviews all of NATO’s UAS Activities - Finds the missing pieces - Identifies NATO organizations to lead each effort and coordinate efforts on UAS - Provides a timeline - Just a step in the process, not the complete answer - A “living” document

  25. CNAD NATO NAVAL ARMAMENTS GROUP* Joint Capability Group on UAV http://hqweb.hq.nato.int/di/nnag/default.htm CNAD NATO AIR FORCE ARMAMENTS GROUP* Joint ISR Capability Group http://hqweb.hq.nato.int/di/NAFAG/home.htm CNAD NATO AIR FORCE ARMAMENTS GROUP Land* Capability Group 6 Battlefield Surveillance Target Acquisition Night Observation and Countersurveillance - Electronic Warfare (STANOC-EW) http://hqweb.hq.nato.int/di/NAAG/common/?section=5 NATO Standardisation Document Database http://nsa.hq.nato.int/NSAWEB/STRAP/_CommonList.asp UAV Committees Links *Access needs special arrangement with MINERVA website master

  26. Overview • NATO Documents related to UAVs • NATO UAV Specific Documents • National and International UAV Documents

  27. National and International UAV Documents 1. U.K. MoD Unmanned Aircraft Vehicles Roadmap 1995-2020 U.S. Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap 2005-2030 Ministry of Defense, U.K. Office of the Secretary of Defense, U.S.A. 1994, 4 August 2005 Comments: U.K. MoD UAV Roadmap was produced to seamlessly integrateand operate UAVs and UCAVs in the Joint and Combined Battlespace. U.S. UAS Roadmap describes current funding, the systems, missions, technologies and establishes timelines. It is updated and republished every two years.

  28. 2. Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques and Procedures for the Tactical Employment of Unmanned Aircraft Systems Air Land Sea Application Center, U.S.A. August 2006 Comments: It describes ways to use UAS for specific effects. This document is not yet releasable to NATO nations. National and International UAV Documents

  29. 3. ASTM International Committee - F38 on Unmanned Aircraft Systems – F38 Standards Roadmap ASTM International Standards Worldwide, U.S.A. Achievements: - 5 approved standards on UAV to date - 20 drafts in the workflow (6 near completion) Comments: The mission of Committee F38 is to produce cost-effective consensus standards that, when applied, will enhance the safe design, manufacture, maintenance and operation of UAS. National and International UAV Documents

  30. ASTM Committee F38 on UAS Subcommittee Structure: F38.01 Airworthiness Standards – hardware oriented F38.02 Operations Standards – performance oriented F38.03 Pilot & Maintenance Qualifications – crew oriented Approved Standards 1. Explicitly written for UAS - ASTM F2411-04 Standard Specification for Design and Performance of an Airborne Sense-and-Avoid System (F38.01) - ASTM F2395-05 Standard Terminology for Unmanned Air Vehicle Systems (F38.02) - ASTM F2505-06 Practice for Application of FAA Federal Aviation Regulation Part 21 Requirements to UAS (F38.01) - ASTM F2501-06 Recommended Practices for UAS Airworthiness (F38.01) 2. Existing and directly applicable to UAS - ASTM D910 Specification for Aviation Gasoline National and International UAV Documents

  31. Drafts in Progress 1. F38.01 Airworthiness (partial listing, see www.astm.org/uav.htm for full listing): - WK5673 Standard Guide for Mini-UAS Airworthiness - WK6741 Standard Specification for Design/Performance of an UAS Data Link System - WK6783 FAR Part 27 Review for Civil Unmanned Rotorcraft (CUR) Requirements - WK7066 Quality Assurance in the Manufacture of UAS - WK7067 Continued Operational Safety Monitoring of the Light UAS Systems - WK9560 Standard Practice for Design an Manufacture of Turbine Engines for UAS 2. F38.02 Flight Operations Workflow - WK 5466 Standard Practice for UAV Visual Range Flight Operations - WK10505 Standard Practice for UAS liability and Flight Insurance Application - WK10504 Standard Practice for UAS Visual Range Operations 3. F38.03 Crew Qualifications Workflow (partial listing): - WK 5423 Certificates and Ratings issued for UAV pilots and operators - WK 8962 Standard Practice for Remote Control Pilots operating within Visual Range - WK11174 Commercial Pilot Unmanned Aircraft Practical Test Standards - WK11425 Private Pilot Unmanned Aircraft Practical Test Standards National and International UAV Documents

  32. Summary • Documents related with UAVs: • NATO Documents related to UAVs • NATO UAV Specific Documents • National and International UAV Documents • NATO activities on UAS: • Standardization and coordination • Integration and interoperability • NATO funded programmes • JAPCC Flight Plan for NATO UAS: • Benchmark current capabilities • Coordinate national and NATO future UAV activity • Address key issues • Contribute to current operations

  33. Questions

  34. Flight Plan - Key Issues • Integration and Interoperability • Air Space Management • Command and Control • Bandwidth & RF Spectrum Management • Force Development • Human Factors • Training • Tactics, Techniques and Procedures • Operational Concepts • Lessons Learned • Concept of Operations for UAS in Afghanistan

  35. JAPCC Mission Statement The Joint Air Power Competence Centre (JAPCC) provides innovativeand timely advice and subject matter expertise, both proactively and responsively, for the transformation of Joint Air and Space Power to the NATO Alliance and Nations. As a Centre of Excellence (CoE), with a strategic and operational level focus, we offer independent thought, analysis and solutions.

  36. CNAD NNAG JCGUAV Conference of National Armaments Directors, NATO Naval Armaments Group, Joint Capabilities Group for UAVs • FINAS – Flight in Non-segregated Air Space working group • Joint UAV Road Map • NATO Staff Requirements for HALE and MALE • NATO Response Force (NRF) Combined and Joint Statement of Requirements (CJSOR) • Requirements for UAS are listed for both the Land Component and Air Component • NATO has established standard airfield requirements for aircraft, these can and should be applied to UAS

  37. What NATO has done already? NATO Staff Requirements (NSR) • Impetus • In order to face today's threat environment, it is vital to gain Information Superiority (IS) prior to and during political and/or military engagement • Reconnaissance Surveillance and Target Acquisition (RSTA) UAVs can provide this capability and are well suited where the situation is unclear and unpredictable • Aim • In order to support the ambitions of the alliance member states with respect to the utilisation of NATO stated minimum military requirements and capabilities, by drafting NATO Staff Requirements (NSR) for HALE/MALE UAVs performing RSTA missions

  38. NATO Staff Requirements (NSR) • Objective • The NSRs for HALE & MALE RSTA UAV may be used in one of three ways: • To state system requirements for a NATO Owned and Operated UAV capability, • To guide development of national capabilities that would be compliant with the NATO ISR Interoperability Architecture (NIIA) and could be declared for NATO use or made available as a contribution in kind, or • To provide a NATO RSTA capability that is a combination of NATO Owned and Operated, and National UAV systems

  39. RSTA Joint UAV Roadmap RSTA = Reconnaissance, Surveillance and Target Acquisition RSTA JOINT UAV ROADMAP Outside Organization Air Force L ead Navy Lead Army Lead Joint Co - op NATO ISR Interoperability Architecture (NIIA) AG/4 4575, 4607 and 4609 7085 JUAVG Edition 2 STANAG 4586 Edition “n” Edition 1 Interoperability Edition “n” Edition 2 JUAVG STANAG 4586 Implementation and Validation Guide Documents JUAVG IC2DL STANAG ATC/ATM guidelines NATMC FINAS - ATC/ATM Certification / JUAVG - FINAS Airworthiness Airspace Integration - JUAVG FINAS Flight rules for GAT Airworthiness JUAVG Operator Qualification Operator Qualification guidelines Guidelines HALE NSR JUAVG RSTA HALE NSR JUAVG Capability MALE NSR RSTA MALE NSR Integration RSTA HALE/MALE SHAPE CONOPS TG/2 Tactical JUAVG MND Micro UAV Systems Classification Autonomy UAV Autonomous Ops PFS Autonomous Ops..Enabling Technology Demonstrations (TDP) Study Review JUAVG PFS Report 2007 2005 2003 2006 2008 2004

  40. CNAD NNAG JCGUAV NATO Standardization Agency, Joint UAV Panel • STANAG (Standardization Agreement) 4586 – Standard Interfaces of UAV Control System (UCS) for NATO UAV Interoperability • Dated 20 April 2002 • Detailed standards for the Data Link Interface, the Command and Control Interface, and the Human Control Interface - 236 pages • Draft STANAG – Standard Interoperable Command and Control Data Link (IC2DL) for NATO UAV Interoperability • Draft STANAG – UAV Operator Medical Standards • Draft STANAG – Training Standards for Designated UAV Operators • NATO has established standard airfield requirements for aircraft, these can and should be applied to UAS

  41. STANAG 4586 STANAG 4586 Standard Interfaces of UAV Control Systems (UCS) for NATO UAV Interoperability “STANAGs rarely hit the headlines”, but this one “is really good news for NATO’s armaments community.” Mr. Robert Bell NATO Assistant Secretary General for Defence Support, 1999-2003

  42. STANAG 4586 • Aim • Promote interoperability of present and future UAV systems in a NATO Combined/Joint Service Environment • Objective • Achieve interoperability between the ground segments (e.g., UCS), the air segments (e.g., UAVs), and the Command, Control, Communication, Computer and Intelligence (C4I) segments of UAV Systems operating in a NATO Combined/Joint Service environment • Specify the interfaces that shall be implemented in order to achieve the operationally required and feasible Level of Interoperability (LOI) according to the respective UAV system’s CONOPS as applicable to the specific system and theatre of operations.

  43. STANAG 4586 • Levels of Interoperability (LOI), Edition 1 • Indirect receipt of secondary imagery and/or data Level 1 • Direct receipt of payload data by UCS; where direct covers reception of the UAV payload data by the UCS when it has direct line-of-sight with the UAV or a relay device which has direct line-of-sight Level 2 • Level 2 interoperability and control of the UAV payload by a UCS Level 3 Level 4 • Level 3 interoperability and UAV flight control by a UCS • Level 4 interoperability and the ability of the UCS to launch and recover the UAV Level 5 Remark: Edition 2 will slightly chance the LOIs with the idea that Level 1 to 3 solely address the payload control and payload data dissemination (reception/transmission), whereas Level 4 and 5 address the flight control of the UAV only.

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