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MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Delve into the structure, types, and functions of muscles in the human body. Learn about skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles, as well as sphincter/dilator muscles and muscle naming conventions. Explore the various regions of muscles in the head, neck, trunk, and extremities.

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MUSCULAR SYSTEM

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  1. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Structure of the Muscles

  2. Muscles • Comprise a large part of the human body • Nearly half our body weight comes from muscle tissue • If you weigh 140 lbs, 60 lbs is from muscle attached to bones • Over 650 different muscles

  3. Responsibilities of Muscle System • 3 main: • Body movement (voluntary and involuntary) • Body form and shape, to maintain posture • Body heat, to maintain body temperature

  4. Types of Muscle • 3 types: • Skeletal • Smooth • Cardiac • Described as: • Striated • Spindle shaped • nonstriated

  5. Skeletal (figure 7-1 pg 123) • Attached to the _________ • Called striped or striated b/c they have cross bandings (striations) of alternating light and dark bands running perpendicular to the length • Voluntary muscle b/c contains nerves under voluntary control • Multinucleate • Sarcolemma is the muscle cell membrane and the cytoplasm is sarcoplasm

  6. Smooth (visceral) figure 7-2 • Small and spindle shaped • Single nuclei • No striations • Unattached to bones • Involuntary muscles; controlled by the autonomic nervous system • Found in the walls of internal organs

  7. Cardiac figure 7-3 • Found only in the ____________ • Striated, branched, and involuntary • Membranes of adjacent cells are fused at intercalated discs • Requires continuous supply of oxygen to function • Cardiac muscle cells begin to die after 30 seconds of no oxygen

  8. Sphincter/Dilator Muscles • Special circular muscles in the openings b/t the esophagus and stomach; stomach and small intestine; and in the walls of the anus, urethra, and mouth • Open and close to control the passage of substances

  9. Look at table 7-1 pg 125 • Summarizes the characteristics of the 3 major muscle types

  10. Naming Skeletal Muscles • Named by location, size, direction, number of origins, location of origin and insertion, and action; • However, not all muscles are named in this manner • Look at figures 7-6 and 7-7 pg 130 and look how the muscles are named

  11. Location…………………. Size……………………….. Direction of fibers……. Number of origins……. Location of origin and insertion………………… Action flexor…………… Extensor……………………… Depressor…………………… Frontalis – forehead Gluteus maximus – largest muscle in the buttock External abdominal oblique – edge of the lower rib cage Biceps – two-headed muscle in humerus Sternocleidomastoid – origin in sternum Flexor capri ulnaris – flexes the wrist Extensor carpi ulnaris – extends the wrist Depressor anguli oris – depresses the corner of the mouth; raises and lowers body parts

  12. There are 656 muscles in the human body • 327 antagonistic muscle pairs and 2 unpaired muscles • Unpaired muscles: orbicularis oris and the diaphragm • The muscles can be divided and subdivided into the following regions • Head, neck, and trunk and extremities

  13. Head Muscles • Muscles of expression • Muscles of mastication (chewing) • Muscles of the tongue • Muscles of the pharynx • Muscles of the soft palate

  14. Neck Muscles • Muscles moving the head • Muscles moving the hyoid bone and the larynx • Muscles moving the upper ribs

  15. Trunk and Extremity Muscles • Muscles that move the vertebral column • Muscles that move the scapula • Muscles of breathing • Muscles that move the humerus • Muscles that move the forearm • Muscles that move the wrist, hand, and finger digits • Muscles that act on the pelvis • Muscles that move the femur • Muscles that move the leg • Muscles that move the ankles, feet, and toe digits

  16. Muscles of the Head and Neck • Control human facial expressions such as: • What are some examples? (think of feelings) • Refer to table 7-2 and figure 7-8 • Muscles of mastication control the mandible, raising it to close the jaw and lowering it to open the jaw. • Refer to table 7-3 and figure 7-8 • Muscles that move the head cause extension, flexion, and rotation • Refer to table 7-4 and figure 7-8

  17. Muscles of the Upper Extremities • Help to move the scapula and humerus and forearm, wrist, hand, and fingers • Refer to table 7-5 and figure 7-9

  18. Muscles of the Trunk • Control breathing and the movements of the abdomen and the pelvis • Refer to table 7-6 and figure 7-10

  19. Muscles of the Lower Extremities • Assist in the movement of the femur, leg, ankle, foot, and toes • Hamstrings comprised of: semitendinosus, biceps femoris, and semimembranosus muscles • Tendons of these muscles attach posteriorly to the tibia and fibula (can be felt behind the knee) • Responsible for flexing the knee • Refer to table 7-7 and figure 7-11

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