Understanding the Washington Presidency and Leadership Challenges

1. Unit 7The Washington Presidency Students will begin their study of the Washington presidency and begin to evaluate and understand the challenges that he faced and how his actions set an example for future governments. Journal #1: How do you define leadership? What does it look like when you see it? What can you do that would make you a leader if you chose to be one? (use your imagination)

2. Washington’s Presidency—Kahoot! • This act helped to create the judicial system of the US: • Judicial Act of 1789 • He was the first Treasury Secretary of the United States: • Alexander Hamilton • The federal government is too large and complex for one person to oversee it, so Washington created this: • The Cabinet • This institution would issue paper money, handle tax receipts and other government funds: • Bank of the United States • Those who supported Thomas Jefferson’s vision of strong state governments were called this: • Democratic Republicans

3. Washington’s Presidency-Kahoot! • Though it worried many political leaders, by the time Washington left office, America had this: • A two party system • Congress passed this---an import tax on goods produced in Europe—in 1789: • Protective Tariff • The tax on a product’s manufacture, sale or distribution led to the Whiskey Rebellion. This is called: • Excise Tax • Federal law ultimately had to be this in our new nation: • The Supreme Law of the Land • What did the Whiskey Rebellion allow the Federal government to demonstrate? • That they were able to enforce federal law anywhere

4. George Washington Takes Office • Washington is inaugurated as President on April 30 at Federal Hall, in NY City. • The Runner-Up in the election is named as Vice President = John Adams

5. George Washington Takes Office • What did the voting of George Washington say about his reputation? • A unanimous vote, the people believed he alone should lead the new nation. • How did they describe his leadership style? • He demonstrated strength of character, recognized the dignity of all men, and was an effective and well-respected President.

6. John Adams • What did Adams say the office of the president, “should have no _____________.” • How did the Congress take his suggestion?

7. The Executive Branch • Explain the Cabinet: • Part of the Executive branch established and picked by the President to run various departments of the government. The term comes from Britain, where the King’s advisors are called his cabinet.

8. What did the Judiciary Act of 1789 do? • The Constitution created a Supreme Court and Congress had to decide the number of judges.

9. Setting Up The Courts Congress passed the Federal Judiciary Act of 1789 1. This gave the Supreme Court 6 members: a chief justice and 5 associate judges • Today we have 9 2. Washington appointed John Jay as chief justice

10. Washington’s Cabinet • The Constitution gave Congress the task of creating departments to help out the president. • Washington was allowed to appoint their secretaries. • The Congress created four departments: • Secretary of War, Henry Knox • Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson • Secretary of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton • Attorney General, Edmund Randolph

11. Cabinet Members Secretary of War, Henry Knox Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson Secretary of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton Attorney General, Edmund Randolph

12. What did I miss? • Who is singing? • Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, Washington, Alexander Hamilton • What is the basic story explained in the song? • “Daveed Diggs’s Lafayette leaves for France in Act I, and he returns to the stage in Act II as Thomas Jefferson, who was absent for large swaths of the Revolution and the early moments of the United States, having served as Governor of Virginia during the war and Minister to France for much of the 1780s. Here, he asks the audience cheekily, “What did I miss?” The entirety of Act I, dude. Get on our level.”

13. The Road to Washington

14. Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public Credit • List and explain the two examples that show Hamilton’s financial savvy. • He planned to bolster national credit • He pushed the plan of “assumption” for the federal government to assume state debt. • What deal did Hamilton make to get the votes needed to pass his ideas? • He agreed to allow the South—Virginia—to have the new Federal District (District of Columbia) located on the Potomac River. • What did Hamilton view debt as and why was he ok with accumulating the _______million dollar debt? • He believed that within limits, a national debt was a “national blessing”—a kind of union adhesive. The more creditors to whom the government owed money, the more people there would be with a personal state in the success of his ambitious enterprise. • What source of revenue was Hamilton going to use to pay the debt? • Customs duties—tariffs. • What “infant” was he trying to protect with this kind of tax? • The industrial revolution

15. Washington’s Presidency through John Adams’ eyes

16. Washington and Adams • Who was the president welcoming back from France? • Thomas Jefferson • Was he happy to be back? Why or Why Not? • Hamilton stated that “if all men were _____________, then no government would be _____________.” • When Washington asked Adams to leave, he emphasized that he would only be known as “__________________” and how did it make Adams feel to be left out of the _____________ matters?”

17. Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a bank • Hamilton’s next great plan was to create a National__________. • What were the positives of this? • The government would be the major stockholder and in which the federal Treasury would deposit its surplus monies. • The central government not only would have a convenient strongbox (think safe), but federal funds would stimulate business by remaining in circulation. • The bank could also print urgently needed paper money and thus provide a sound and stable national currency • Who opposed this plan the most? • Thomas Jefferson • What argument did he make for not accepting the idea? • There was no specific authorization in the Constitution for such a financial “octopus”.

18. Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a bank • Hamilton justified his creation of the bank through this… • Implied powers---meaning what the Constitution doesn’t forbid, it permits. • Using the “necessary and proper” clause, he argued that Congress may pass any laws “necessary and proper” to carry out the powers vested in the various government agencies. • What groups supported the bank in Congress and which were opposed? • Supported: Federalists—they believed in the theory of “loose construction” by invoking the elastic clause of the Constitution—a precedent for enormous federal powers. • Opposed: Jefferson and his states’ rights defenders

19. Hamilton Cabinet Battle #1 • Explain the mood of the song and what is being discussed? • What does Washington tell Hamilton to do? • How does this song illustrate the relationship between Hamilton and Jefferson?

20. Mutinous Moonshiners • What group of people opposed the excise tax in 1794? • Corn farmers in southwestern Pennsylvania. • What event did they start and how did they start and how did they execute their discontent? • Defiant distillers finally erected whiskey poles, similar to liberty poles of anti-stamp tax days in 1765. they raised the cry “Liberty and No Excise”. They tarred and feathered revenue officers, they brought collections to a halt. • What was Washington’s reaction to the rebellion and what ended up being the outcome? • Washington sent the militia of severa states to crush the rebellion. An army of about 13,000 were sent to the hills of western Pennsylvania---where they found no insurrection. The men had been too overawed, dispersed, or captured. • Three rebels were killed. • How did the foes of the administration view this event and what do you think this will create moving forward with the government? • They condemned the action as a display of brutal force---essentially using a sledgehammer to crush a fly.