A “NEW” PARADIGM FOR ORGANIC CHEMISTRY IN PROTOSTELLAR NEBULAE: Large-Scale Nebular Transport.

1. A “NEW” PARADIGM FOR ORGANIC CHEMISTRY IN PROTOSTELLAR NEBULAE: Large-Scale Nebular Transport. Joseph A. Nuth III Astrochemistry Laboratory, Code 691 Solar System Exploration Division NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt MD 20771

2. The Minimum Criteria for Acceptance of New Paradigms has been met.

3. Outline of Presentation • What was the ‘old’ Paradigm? • What evidence suggests that the old paradigm is no longer adequate? • What are major characteristics of the new paradigm for organic synthesis in the Primitive Solar Nebula? • What are the major implications of the new paradigm?

4. What was the ‘old’ Paradigm? • Interstellar reactions formed pre-solar organic materials and ices on the surfaces of amorphous silicate grains. • Collapsing cloud materials fell onto the disk surface and were transported inward. • Fischer-Tropsch-type catalytic chemistry on grain surfaces may have produced the complex organic materials seen in meteorites. • During inward transport some materials accreted into larger bodies, while the rest of the dust and gas in the disk fell into the growing protosun.

5. Chemistry in the ‘old’ Paradigm • All chemistry occurred during inward transport through the disk. • Fischer-Tropsch-type (FTT) chemistry required the presence of small iron grains: these grain surfaces could be ‘poisoned’ by a variety of elements. • Only the products released to the gas phase were considered to be important in modeling organic synthesis via FTT reactions. • Gas phase reactions, FTT synthesis and pre-solar synthesis could not make the quantity or variety of organic molecules observed in comets. • Giant Gaseous Protoplanets were required to produce larger quantities of complex gases.

6. Comet Hale-Bopp • Modeled by the old paradigm it would contain aggregates of interstellar dust and ices formed in Dark Clouds. • Interstellar silicates are amorphous to all observable limits

7. New Evidence I Comet Halley • Campins & Ryan (1991) were first to propose the presence of crystalline forsterite in cometary dust based upon the mid-infrared spectrum of Comet Halley. • These same features were later confirmed to be present in the more complete comet spectra obtained by ISO.

8. New Evidence II Comet Hale-Bopp • Observed with the Short Wavelength Spectrometer on the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) Mission. • Strong IR evidence for the presence of crystalline dust. • Only the magnesium-rich end members of crystalline minerals appear in the ISO spectra of Comet Hale Bopp

9. New Evidence III • Since there are no crystalline silicates in the Interstellar Medium, crystalline grains must be produced “locally” in the Solar Nebula. • Two mechanisms can produce crystalline dust: Thermally Anneal dust grains inside ~1 A.U. or Shock Anneal dust grains out to ~10 A.U. • In either case, dust must be transported out to (~50 to 200 A.U.) where the comets begin to form [Weidenschilling, 1997] or crystalline dust would only be found on the outside of comets.

10. New Evidence IV • Deep Impact IR Observations show significant quantities of crystalline silicate only just after impact. Before & after spectra were ~featureless. • STARDUST samples contain a large fraction of crystalline dust. • Both comets (Temple & Wildt 2) are Kuiper Belt Objects that formed well outside of 10 A.U.

11. A New Physical Model for the Solar Nebula Vigorous thermal convection as well as conservation of angular momentum lead to wide scale transport of dust and gas both in towards the sun as well as outward to the region of comet formation at radii from ~50–200 A.U.

12. A New Chemical Model for the Solar Nebula • Nebular Chemistry is no longer a one-way trip in to the sun, through the higher (T,P) inner nebula. • Material from any nebular zone can travel either inward (most) or outward (some) [Boss, 2004] from the innermost regions out to ~200 A.U. • Chemical products from the higher (P,T) inner nebula must be transported to great distances in the nebula in order to begin aggregating into comets along with the annealed crystalline dust. • Mixing of highly processed materials with pre-solar ices and dust easily occurs in this scenario.

13. A few words about Fischer-Tropsch-type reactions I • In nature, these are really surface mediated reactions that convert CO, N2 and H2 into a wide variety of solid and gaseous products. • It is incorrect to consider FTT reactions as pure catalytic processes where specific active surfaces produce very specific products. • Anders and colleagues measured the gas phase products from FTT reactions and concluded that these could not have produced meteoritic organics because the products were isotopically light while meteoritic carbon was isotopically heavy.

14. A few words about Fischer-Tropsch-type reactions II • For meteorites, the organics deposited on grain surfaces are not poisons, they are the reaction products one would expect to find in primitive meteorites prior to the action of thermal or hydrous metamorphism. • If the gas phase reaction products are isotopically light (e.g., Anders), then the residue left behind on the grain surfaces must be isotopically heavy. • If we assume that the organic crud deposited on grain surfaces is not a poison, but is the precursor to meteoritic carbon, then the isotopic results of Anders support the FTT hypothesis.

15. Surface mediated reactions form carbon, complex organics & CO2 • Any surface promotes these reactions. • Once coated with a layer of carbonaceous material, the “catalytic” behavior of almost any solid surface improves (sometimes dramatically). • Reactions occur all the way ‘down’ the nebular disk, including the high temperature, high pressure environment of the innermost regions. • The products of these reactions can be transported throughout the entire nebula.

16. Why Access to the Innermost Nebula is Good for Chemistry • A + B => C + D • Rate ~r[A][B] or ~r[A][B][M] • r ~ [Collision X-section]exp{-DG/kT} • Therefore the overall rate increases with pressure and temperature. • If either A or B are reaction products then the effect multiplies greatly.

17. New Coupled Chemical & Dynamic Paradigm for the Solar Nebula Vigorous convection

18. Conclusions • Surface-mediated reactions produce a wide range of complex organic materials: both volatile molecules as well as a macromolecular carbonaceous coating. • Any grain surface can mediate these reactions including macromolecular carbonaceous coatings. • Reactions occur faster at higher P & T; therefore, the innermost regions of the nebular disk should produce large quantities of complex organics. • These materials will be spread throughout the nebula by the same mechanisms that transport annealed silicate grains out to forming comets.

19. Implications • Every protostar is a chemical factory that produces copious quantities of organic materials.

20. Why “poisoning” is good! • Carbonaceous crud on grain surfaces is not a ‘poison” but is the basic organic material that is incorporated into meteorites. • Our experiments show that this crud is a better catalyst than most minerals or amorphous dust. Similar types of compounds are formed in our experiments, as are found in meteorites

21. Many natural surfaces promote the disproportionation of CO Bronzite SiOx Iron silicate Mg-SiOx SiO2 CH4 production at 400°C using different catalysts Plot of CO decay as a function of time for different catalysts at 400ºC SiOx SiO2 • Iron silicate promotes methane production, but so do many other silicates. Iron silicate Bronzite Mg-SiOx

22. A wide range of gas-phase products are produced • Major Products include: CO2, H2O, CH4 • Minor products were analyzed via GCMS after considerable concentration and include aliphatics -methyl butane & pentane; aromatics -benzene, toluene & ethyl benzene; oxygenated organics -acetone & benzoic acid; more complex organics - N-Methyl Methylene Imine (H3C-N=CH2)