Point of View, Myth, and Discovering the Theme

1. Point of View, Myth, and Discovering the Theme “Tell Tale Heart” and Fun Home

2. Point of View • The point of view in a work of literature answers the question “Who’s telling this story?” (See p. 188 in your textbook.) • The author chooses a point of view • To create closeness to or detachment from the characters and events in the story. • To reveal or conceal important pieces of information about character motivations and events.

3. First Person • First person point of view: • Uses first person pronouns like “I,” “me,” and “we” when describing events in the story. • Not necessarily the author him/herself. In fact, unless it is specifically stated, first person narrators are not the author. • A participant in the story, either a major character or a minor character who witnessed the events, is relating the events to the audience. • Even if unnamed, a first person narrator is usually an important character to pay attention to. • We learn about the character of the narrator by how he or she tells events and what he or she chooses to tell us. • Sometimes first person narrators are unreliable, which means we can’t take what they say at face value.

4. Point of View, Continued • Second person (not in your textbook) • Uses second person pronouns (you, your, etc.) • Puts the reader in the position of the main character. (Remember the “choose your own adventure” books? Those were often second person.) • Third person • Uses only third person pronouns (he, she, they, etc) to describe the action. • Can be omniscient, limited, or objective.

5. Point of View, Continued • (Third person) Omniscient narrators: • Follow the action of more than one character • Give the audience access to the thoughts of multiple characters. • (Third person) Limited Omniscient narrators: • Follow the action and give access to the thoughts of only one character. • (Third person) Objective Narrators • Relate events without giving access to the characters’ thoughts • Relate events without interpreting them or commenting on them.

6. Point of View in “Tell Tale Heart” • The story is on p. 450 of your textbook. • Can we trust this narrator? Why or why not? Where are some places in the story where you question his version of events? • If you've read this before, was re-reading still worthwhile? Why? What specifically did you notice because you knew what was going to happen? • Why is the eye the thing that horrifies the narrator? (Think about symbolism here.) • Are there similarities between this story and “55 Miles to the Gas Pump” on p. 97? (Think about point of view and tone here.)

7. Myth and Allegory • Last class we talked about symbols, which are objects that have a more complex range of meaning than their literal meaning. • Authors also use myth and allegory in order to give their works figurative meaning. • An allegory is a story where most important characters and events represent abstract concepts. Animal Farm, for example, is an allegory about Communism. • Myths are stories that contain the ideas by which a culture constructs meaning. • Myths are not the same as fairy tales, and calling something a myth doesn't automatically mean that it is "fake".

8. Mythological Allusions in Literature • An “allusion” is a reference in literature to another story. • Mythological allusions might take the form of: • A character with a similar name to a mythological character. • Events in a story that closely parallel events from a myth. • References from the Bible and Greek/Roman myth are quite common, and being familiar with the basics of these mythological systems will make reading literature easier for you.

9. Questions for “Fun Home” p. 298 • What do the pictures add? How is reading this bit of the story in graphic novel form different than it would have been as a "normal" short story? • What is the point of view in this selection? Why is point of view important here? • What mythological allusions do you see at work here? (Read the “Cultural context” section on p. 298 is you are unfamiliar with Daedalus and Icarus.) What meaning do these allusions add to the story? • What mythic symbolism is suggested by the last panel?

10. Discovering Theme • The theme of a work of literature is an idea that dominates the work. • Not a summary, a plot, a subject, or a moral. Themes do more than just tell what the story was about or what happened in the story. • Themes do make a statement about the world/humanity outside of the story, but they are not necessarily “lessons” or morals. • See p. 343 of your textbook for more information on theme.

11. Discovering Theme • First of all, ask yourself, “What ideas or observations about the world did I notice as I read?” • Watch for the narrator or a character in the work to reveal the theme. (Remember how we talked about lines that encapsulate meaning?) • Consider the nature of the conflict in the story. • Look at the title of the story. • Consider the symbolism and mythological allusions in the story. What themes do those symbols and myths suggest? • For more suggestions, see p. 345 - 347

12. Group Work on Theme • With your group, work to identify the themes of “Tell Tale Heart” and “Fun Home.” Explain how you arrived at your conclusions.

13. For Next Class: • There is no Journal due, but we will be reading the short play "Beauty" in class. (p. 762). I'll be asking for two readers, and class will go more smoothly if you are already familiar with the play. We won't be discussing the history of drama in depth, but it might be useful for you to skim through the section starting on p. 736. We will be talking about "reading drama" on p. 747.