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Investigation of Risk Behaviors: Athletes vs. Non-Athletes

Investigation of Risk Behaviors: Athletes vs. Non-Athletes . Katie Brain, Emma Dewart, Alex Trocino, & AJ McConville . What the literature says…. Athletes participation in alcohol consumption and sexual behaviors is higher than their non-athlete counterparts (Brenner & Swanik, 2007)

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Investigation of Risk Behaviors: Athletes vs. Non-Athletes

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  1. Investigation of Risk Behaviors: Athletes vs. Non-Athletes Katie Brain, Emma Dewart, Alex Trocino, & AJ McConville

  2. What the literature says… • Athletes participation in alcohol consumption and sexual behaviors is higher than their non-athlete counterparts (Brenner & Swanik, 2007) • Out-of-season athletes had a higher rate of drinking and substance abuse than athletes in-season (Brenner & Swanik, 2007). • Athletes at a higher risk of substance use because of increased physical demands of athletics as well as increased stress and time constraints of dual student-athlete role (Yusko, Buckman, White, & Pandina, 2008)

  3. Literature Review Continued… • Males consumption of alcohol, substance abuse, and sexual behavior has a higher frequency than females (Suruhlal, Nolan, & Ubane, 2012);(Hildebrand, Johnson, & Bogle, 2001);(Ford, 2008) • Due to alcohol consumption athletes have a higher rate of risky behaviors which include an increase in sexual partners, decrease in contraception use, increase in fights, and increase in drinking and driving (Grossbard, Lee, Neighbors, Hendershot, & Larimer, 2007) • Athletes in contact sports have greater quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption than those in non-contact sports(Brenner & Swanik, 2007)

  4. Rationale • Conflicting findings in prior research (Yusko et al., 2008); (Martens, Dams-O’Connor, Duffy-Paiement, & Gibson, 2006) • Differences in risk behaviors between in-season and out-of-season athletes (Brenner & Swanik, 2007) • Misconception of risk behaviors of athlete due to their participation in athletics (Green, Uryasz, Petr, & Bray, 2001) • Lack of studies and findings on substance abuse and risky sexual behavior of college athletes (Yusko et al., 2008) • Lack of results for athletes outside of Division I athletics (Brenner & Swanik, 2007)

  5. Research Question • Is there a difference between students who are varsity athletes and students who are non-athletes in participation of risk behaviors such as drinking, substance abuse, and sexual patterns? • IV: Participation in athletics • DV: Risk behaviors

  6. Methodology • Selection of subjects • Instrument used • Procedure • Design & Analysis

  7. Subjects • Undergraduate varsity collegiate athletes and non-athletes • Private Division III college • At least 18 years old

  8. Selection of Subjects • Convenience sample • Gathered through specific sports teams or through contact in dining halls/pub • Team meetings/practice/lifting time - athletes • Lunch hour – non-athletes

  9. Instrument • National College Health Association National College Health Assessment (ACHANCHAII) • Questions included: alcohol, tobacco, drugs, sexual behavior and contraception, demographics • Reliability factors are unknown

  10. Procedure • 1. Recruited subjects • 2. Signing of informed consent • 3. Subjects completed survey • 4. Surveys were collected and analyzed after course of two weeks • Results and conclusions were developed

  11. Design & Analysis • Discriminate analysis

  12. What we found… • Significance for a five different variables included in our study (p<.05): • Use of tobacco from water pipe (hookah) • 5 or more drinks in 1 sitting in last 2 weeks • Had oral sex in the last 30 days • Had vaginal intercourse in the last 30 days • Used a condom or barrier during vaginal intercourse in the last 30 days

  13. We calculated an effect size of 18% (r2 = .1806)Eigenvalues: Canonical Correlation = .425

  14. Results

  15. Results Continued…

  16. Results Continued…

  17. Results Continued…

  18. Results Continued…

  19. Discussion • Results did not indicate that participation in risky behaviors predicated membership to either group • Non-athletes and athletes reported similar habits for use of drugs, drinking and engaging in risky sexual behaviors • Results support previous research, with the exception of alcohol use • Typically, athletes are thought to drink more often than non-athletes, with little research indicating that they are more likely to engage in either risky sexual behaviors or drug use • Our study did not find that individuals who drink more are more likely to be athletes

  20. Limitations • Limited sample size • Disproportionate amount of females, freshmen and sophomore responses • Only two athletic teams were utilized • Data collection sites may not have taken into consideration length of survey and risky subject matter • Use of dining halls and team meetings may have prevented respondents from truthfully reporting – attention and privacy compromised • Future studies may want to investigate different social groups and other influences considering the ambiguity of this subject

  21. References • Brenner, J & Swanik, K. (2007). High-risk drinking characteristics in collegiate athletes. Journal of American College Health, 56, 267-272. • Ford, J. A. (2008). Alcohol use among college students: A comparison of athletes and nonathletes. Substance Use & Misuse, 42, 1367-1377. • Ford, J. A. (2008). Nonmedical prescription drug use among college students: A comparison between athletes and nonathletes. Journal Of American College Health, 57, 211-220. • Green, G.A., Uryasz, F.D, Petr, T.A., & Bray, C.D. (2001). NCAA study of substance use and abuse habits of college student-athletes. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 11, 51-56. • Grossbard, J.R., Lee, C.M., Neighbors, C., Hendershot, C.S., & Larimer, M.E. (2007). Alcohol and risky sex in athletes and nonathletes: What roles do sex motives play? Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 68, 566-574. • Grossbard, J., Hummer, J., LaBrie, J., Pederson, E., & Neighbors, C. (2009). Is substance use a team sport? Attraction to team, perceived norms, and alcohol and marijuana use among male and female intercollegiate athletes. Journal Of Applied Sport Psychology, 21, 247-261. • Hildebrand, K. M., Johnson, D. J., & Bogle, K. K. (2001). Comparison of patterns of alcohol use between high school and college athletes and non-athletes. College Student Journal, 35, 358-365. • Martens, M.P., Dams-O’Connor, K., Duffy-Paiement, C., & Gibson, J.T. (2006). Perceived alcohol use among friends and alcohol consumption among college athletes. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20, 178-184. • Martens, M.P., Cox, R.H., & Beck, N.C. (2003). Negative consequences of intercollegiate athlete drinking: The role of drinking motives. Journal of Studieson Alcohol, 64, 825-828. • Surujlal, J., Nolan, V. T., & Ubane, T. (2012). Drinking patterns and related consequences among university student-athletes. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 18, 281- 292. • Yusko, D.A., Buckman, J.F., White, H.R., & Pandina, R.J. (2008). Alcohol, tobacco, illicit drugs, and performance enhancers: A comparison of use by college student athletes and nonathletes. Journal of American College Health, 57, 281-289.

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