World History DBQ

1. World History DBQ Tiffany, Lissette, Bariyah, Berenitze, Estela, Samantha, Vicente

2. The Royal Niger Company (Document 1) • 1879: Sir George Goldie unites several British commercial companies into one monopolistic organization, the United Africa Company • 1882: Renamed National African Company; beginning of Goldie’s efforts to secure rights from native Africans to make the company a governmental power • 1886: Renamed Royal Niger Company after being given a royal charter by the British government, allowed concessional power over “all the territory of the basin of the Niger,” but charter maintained that trade should remain free

3. RNC wanted natives to cultivate products like palm oil, or other “plantation” goods similar to rubber in the Congo • If natives did not agree to plant the “encouraged” plants, RNC would charge high import tariffs on other European goods and confiscate goods imported that went in violation of the tariff—these goods were often cloth and alcohol • RNC major policy was to end foreign competition in its trade with the natives, IN DIRECT VIOLATION OF ITS CHARTER

4. “Standard Treaties”—Began in 1882 • Natives ceded their lands “forever” to RNC and agreed to enter no tribal wars “without the sanction of the Royal Niger Company” • RNC agreed to respect native culture and pay chiefs “a reasonable amount” for their land • Translators had to sign their own agreement, declaring that they had “faithfully explained the above Agreement…and that they [the chiefs] understood its meaning.” Note: Treaties were often signed at threat of force from the Niger Coast Constabulary

5. Prempeh I (Document 2) • The Ashanti people are located in Ghana. • They strongly resisted attempts by the Europeans to subjugate them. • Between 1823 and 1896, Britain fought four wars against the Ashanti kings. • Document 2 is a response to the British by the Ashanti leader Prempeh I. It states that the Ashanti people will never accept European rule. • This document is from 1891.

6. Menelik II (Document 3) • Menelik's reign (1889-1913) coincided with the European Scramble for Africa • Led the most successful campaign of African resistance to against European colonialism • Under his reign Ethiopia made several technological advances: creation of the capital, Addis Ababa, in the mid 1880s; construction of modern bridges and telegraph lines; concession for a railroad; establishment of the bank of Abyssinia, the first hotel, hospitals, and schools; national currency; a mint; a postal system and national newspaper. • Italy had a colony in Eritrea and wanted to conquer Ethiopia too • Treaty of Wuchale • Expressed his disapproval of the Treaty of Wuchale by informing the European powers that "Ethiopia has need of no one, she stretches her hand unto God." • Battle of Adowa

7. NdansiKumalo (Document 4)Rebellion The African people were made the white peoples’ slaves: • They were to work on the land for crops • They were ordered to carry the white man’s clothes and bundles • The Whites hit the African wives and daughters Rebellion began: The Ndebele people would not stand the British people coming into their land and treating them unfairly anymore. They saw many of their family members die. Even though the British kept defeating them, they kept trying to get them out of their country. The Ndebele people

8. Battle of Adowa (Document 5) • In 1889, Ethiopia and Italy negotiated the Treaty of Wuchale • Treaty stated that if Ethiopia gave Italy some territories, in return Italy would provide financial assistance and military supplies • This document was written in Amharic and Italian and it was viewed differently by both sides • The Amharic text stated that Italy's services were available to the emperor for all communications with foreign powers, while the Italian text made this compulsory. • Italy, with the help of the French and British, took over Adowa, Ethiopia in January of 1890 • Menelik imported arms from France and Russia (irony!) and mobilized his army • The confrontation occurred at Adowa on March 1, 1896, where Ethiopia defeated the Italian invaders. • 17,700 Italians against more than 100,000 Ethiopians • First African victory against Europeans since Hannibal • Menelik maintained his independence and unified his country by defeating the Europeans.

9. YaaAsantewa (Document 6) • This document, like document 2, is from the Ashanti people. • Speech by Yaa Asantewa, Ashanti queen, to chiefs. • The queen is telling the chiefs that if the men won’t fight the white men, she and the other Ashanti women will bravely fight for the land. • “I must say this; if you the men of Ashanti will not go forward, then we will.”

10. Samuel Maherero (Document 7) • Samuel Maherero • The leader of the Herero people • Settled in north Windhoek to Waterberg and the Ugab River, area of Okahandja, now Namibia • Theodor Leutwein • German colonial administrator • Held good relations with Maherero • Lothar von Trotha • Replaced Leutwein

11. Fairly good relations with Leutwein declined due to attacks by Germans, economic difficulties, and the use of Herero land for railroads. • Initial attack: January 12, 1904 • Leutwein was replaced by Trotha after 1904 attack • Trotha brings in 15,000 troops • Battle of Waterberg: August 11, 1904 • The Herero escaped eastward into the Omoheke desert • October 2, 1904 Trotha ordered any Herero be killed if found on German borders • Maherero and about 1,000 of his men managed to cross the Kalahari into Bechuanaland, where British offered them asylum

12. MajiMaji Rebellion (Document 8)General Information • Several indigenous African communities’ resistance to German colonial rule in German West Africa. • From 1905 to 1907 • Fighting against policy of forced cotton growing • German East Africa is now Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, and part of Mozambique • Hold was weak so used violent tactics to control population

13. Rebellion • Led by KinjikitileNgwale • Later called Bokero • Ngwale thought he was possessed by snake spirit, Hongo • Sent to destroy Germans • Gave people war medicine which would “turn bullets into water” • Bokero’s soldiers armed with cap guns, spears, and arrows • traveled across land destroying cotton plants and outposts

14. German Response • Count Gustav Adolf von Götzen, governor of East Africa, sent for reinforcements • Received 1000 soldiers • destroyed villages, crops, and other food sources used by the rebels. • Von Gotzen was willing to forgive common soldiers • As long as they gave up their weapons, leaders, and witch doctors • Used famine to destroy remaining rebels • Rebellion died on August 1907

15. Battle of Congo River (Document 9) • Source: Mojimba, African chief, describing a battle in 1877 on the Congo River against British and African mercenaries, as told to a German Catholic missionary in 1907 • “And still those bangs went on; the long sticks spat fire, pieces of iron whistled around us, fell into the water with a hissing sound, and our brothers continued to fall. We ran into our village and they ran after us. We fled into the forest and flung ourselves on the ground. When we returned that evening our eyes beheld fearful things: our brothers, dead, bleeding, our village plundered and burned, and the river full of dead bodies. “You call us wicked men, but you White men are much more wicked! You think because you have guns you can take away our land ad our possessions. You have sickness in your heads, for this is not justice.”

16. In 1977, author Tim Butcher produced “Blood River” which describes his journey along the Congo, retracing the same route Henry Stanley took when he explored the Congo.

17. Mercenaries, as mentioned in the Document, are described as: working or acting merely for money, hired to serve in a guerilla organization

18. German Influence • Catholicism • Germans had felt they had the right to impose their religious teachings in part of “White man’s burden” • Aside from “white man’s burden” in 1907 Germany established a new ideology towards imperialism. German economists created the “colonial-political action committee” during a time when the Germany colonial power began suffering wide criticism and scandal. Economists argued that imperialism was indispensible. This new cause redefined German’s mission in civilizing Africa.