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Reported Speech in English

TO + Infinitive. If / Whether. “I” changes to “he”. Reported Speech in English. “Will she read…?”. He said that…. Verbs to the nearest PAST.

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Reported Speech in English

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  1. TO + Infinitive If / Whether “I” changes to “he” Reported Speech in English “Will she read…?” He said that… Verbs to the nearest PAST

  2. The idea of Reported Speech is that of re-telling other people´s converstaions. The usual sceneario is two people having a conversation and another person saying what those two people have said. Of course, we can be one of the two people in the conversation, but to start out, we are going to suppose we are only retelling other people´s words. Considering what has been explained before, we can understand the “Reported Speech” idea because “to report” means to “to explain/inform” and “speech” is the words that are said. Thus, “reported speech” is “original speech” that is “reported”, that is, “explained” or “informed” to somebody else. So we need an original sentence from a dialogue, which we will transform. However, before we do that, we have to take some things into due consideration.

  3. Whatmodificationsdoesthe original sentencetake? First of all, we have to shift all the PRONOUNS into the 3rd Person Secondly, the VERBS have to go back to the nearest PAST tense available Finally, there are a series of SELECTED WORDS which have to be changed

  4. Howmanytypesof original sentences can wehave? STATEMENTS: All types of Affirmative and Negative sentences QUESTIONS: There are two types of questions: YES-NO Questions: You answer with a “Yes” or a “No” WH-WORD Questions: You give information on the WH-Word ORDERS / SUGGESTIONS: Here we mainly deal with IMPERATIVES Firstly, you are going to learn how to transform an original sentence and, after that, we will have a detailed view on the different types of original sentences.

  5. How do youtransform an Original Sentence? Let´s start out with this sentence: I can´t deal with your problem as you have not given me details Fisrt, we are going to mark out the PRONOUNS… And now we should do the same thing with the VERBS We will forget about the SELECTED WORDS till later

  6. Before we proceed any further, let us have a look at the… LIST OF PRONOUNS SUBJECTS OBJECTS POSS. ADJS. POSS. PRONS. REFLEXIVES 1st P I ME MY MINE MYSELF SINGULAR 2nd P YOU YOU YOUR YOURS YOURSELF 3rd P SHE HER HER HERS HERSELF 3rd P HE HIM HIS HIS HIMSELF IT 3rd P IT ITS ITS ITSELF PLURAL OURSELVES US OUR 1st P WE OURS 2nd P YOU YOU YOUR YOURS YOURSELVES 3rd P THEY THEM THEIR THEIRS THEMSELVES

  7. Now, the next step is to shift the Pronouns to the 3rd Person… He I can´t deal with your her problem as you she have not given him me details Then, we will push the verbs to the nearest Past… He couldn´t can´t deal with her problem as she haven´t hadn´t given him any details As we said before, there is a list of SELECTED WORDS which can also be transformed, but that will be later on…

  8. Types of Original Sentences: Statements The way to transform an Original Sentence is indicating three parts: 1. The person who is reporting the conversation 2. The reporting Verb according to the type of Original Sentence 3. The reporting Connector according to the type of Original Sentence Here we are going to deal with Statements.

  9. Let´s see those three parts: 1. The person who is reporting the conversation It depends on the people who are in the dialogue. 2. The reporting Verb in Statements is… Any SPEECH verb such as SAY, TELL, EXPLAIN, MUTTER, EXPRESS, REPLY… 3. The reporting Connector in Statements is… THAT (you can omit this Connector) The two main Reporting Verbs are SAY and TELL. Let´s see their differences…

  10. SAY SAY has got two typical structures… SAY + THAT => He said that… SAY + TO + Person + THAT => He said TO me that… TELL TELL has only got ONE structure TELL + Person + THAT => He told me that

  11. And now an example… Student A (a boy) “I can´t study the exercises although the teacher wants me to.” Student B (a girl) “Yes, I know it. We are always hurrying trying to do his tasks.” The transformation would go as follows… Student A said that he couldn´t study the exercises although the teacher wanted him to. Student B replied that she knew it and told Student A that they were always hurrying trying to do his tasks. Is everything OK?

  12. Types of Original Sentences: Questions We can have two different types of questions: a. Yes/No Questions b. Wh-Word Questions The three parts in Questions are the same except for the Connector… 1. The person who is reporting the conversation It depends on the people who are in the dialogue. 2. The reporting Verb in Questions is… Any QUESTION verb such as ASK, WONDER, WANT TO KNOW, DEMAND, INQUIRE…

  13. The Connector varies according to the type of question… WHETHER IF Yes/No Questions => CONNECTOR is or WH-Word Questions => CONNECTOR is… The WH-Word itself WHO WHOSE WHY WHAT WHERE HOW WHICH WHEN

  14. And now an example… Yes/No Questions The little girl: “Will you give me my birthday presents?” The little girl asked if/whether he would give her her birthday presents. WH-Word Questions The little girl´s father: “Why do you want to know?” The little girl´s father asked why she wanted to know.

  15. TWO DANGERS !!! There are two dangers in the reporting of questions: 1. When we report a question, we cannot retain the question structure AUX + SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT? because it is NOT a question anymore… Can you explain that to me? He asked if she could explain that to her.

  16. 2. You have to be very careful with the translation into Spanish. In Spanish sentences such as… Me preguntó QUE SI yo sabía eso Me preguntó SI yo sabía eso are perfectly right, but in English you CANNOT say THAT when reporting questions because it is a Connector only for Statements… She asked me if I knew that She asked me THAT if I knew that

  17. Types of Original Sentences: Orders/Suggestions The three parts in Orders/Suggestions are: 1. The person who is reporting the conversation It depends on the people who are in the dialogue. 2. The reporting Verb in Orders/Suggestions is… Any ORDER/SUGGESTION verb such as TELL (Order), ASK (Sugg), COMMAND, PROPOSE, ORDER… 3. The reporting Connector in Orders/Suggestions is… In Positive sentences => TO + Infinitive In Negative sentences => NOT TO + Infinitive

  18. And now, the examples… Mother to her daughter: “Do your homework and do not take too much time!!” The mother told her daughter TO do her homework and NOT TO take too much time.

  19. Selected Words We have not forgotten those “Selectec Words” which we mentioned at the beginning of this presentation. They are words which are ALWAYS changed in Reported Speech. Luckily, they are not quite a lot!! NOW THEN AGO BEFORE THIS THAT THESE THOSE HERE THERE TODAY THAT DAY THE NEXT DAY / THE FOLLOWING DAY TOMORROW THE DAY BEFORE / THE PREVIOUS DAY YESTERDAY

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