Grammar

1. Grammar Present, pastand future Tenses

2. Present Simple • I, YOU, WE, THEY HE, SHE, IT (+) I walk everyday. (+) He walks everyday. (-) I don’t walk every day. (-) He doesn’t walk every day. (?) Do you walk every day? (?) Does he walk every day? • p/ he, she, it (+) adiciona-se ‘–s’ no verbo; • ‘-es’ se o verbo terminar em –s, -sh, -ch, -o, - x, - z; • e ‘-ies’ se o verbo terminar em y precedido de consoante. • Adverbs of frequency: always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever, never (sempre depois do verbo be antes dos outros verbos) • Expressions: once/twice/three times a week; every two days. (finais de frase)

3. Use the Simple Present Tense for: • Habits / Routine • Permanent Actions • Natural Laws • Schedules • Historical Past

4. -ING forms • Present Continuous Talks about an action that happens at the moment we speak • Verb to be (am, is, are) / + verbo principal (ing) • I am /am not ; He, She, It is /isn’t ; We, You, They are / aren’t (+) She is going to the club. (-) She isn’tgoingto the club. (?) Isshe going to the club? • Depois de alguns verbos like, love, hate, can’t stand... • Com alguns ‘determiners’ (the, my, this) • Does mysmoking annoy you? • I don’t mind yourgoing without me. • I hate all these useless arguing.

5. Depois de preposições (exceto ‘to’) e algumas expressões com ‘to’ • You can’t make an omelette without breaking the eggs • He’s talking about moving to the country. • What is a toothpaste for? It’s for cleaning the teeth. • I look forward to; object to; to be /get used to; prefer to + verb(ing) • Como sujeito de frases • Smoking is bad for you. / Reading is my favourite activity. / Working makes me feel good. • adjetivos formados de verbos • interesting, boring, tiring, relaxing, etc.

6. PresentPerfect (have/has + participle) • 1) experiências passadas; sem tempo definido • 2) ações que começaram e continuam no presente  SINCE / FOR •  I’ve known him for ten years. / I’ve worked here since 2001. • Question: How long...? • 3) yet, already, just, ever, always, never •  I haven’t done my homework yet.  Have you ever been to Canada? •  He’s already done his homework.  She’s just done her homework. •  I’ve always wanted to be a doctor.  They’ve never thought about • getting married.

7. PresentPerfectContinuous (have / has + been + verb-ing):

8. PresentPerfectContinuous (have/hasbeen +verb –ing) Para que se usa: • para enfatizar a duração de uma ação que começou no passado e que continua no presente: e.g.: She'sbeen working all day and she's obviously very tired. (começou de manhã e ainda não parou) • para descrever uma ação que começou no passado e terminou no passado, mas que durou muito tempo e que tem efeitos no presente: e.g.: Whathappened? Are yousad? No, I’vebeenpeelingonions. school. (foi uma semana cheia de trabalho e por isso ele não quer falar disso) • para descrever uma ação que nos causa irritação ou fúria: e.g.: You'vebeen wearing my t-shirts again! You know I don'tlikethat! (quem fala está irritado) • Com o presentperfectcontinuous usam-se as mesmas expressões temporais do que com o presentperfect: how long...? (há quanto tempo...?) for (há) since (desde) lately (ultimamente) recently (recentemente) Next: The Past Tense – módulo 7

9. Past Simple • Simple past: definite time in the past • Mesma forma para todas as pessoas • Dois tipos de verbos: regulares e irregulares. • Regulares: +ed, ex: watch = watched, close = closed; worry = worried; stop = stopped (1 syllable + CVC ) • irregulars: table • Yesterday, last year/week/Sunday; the day after yesterday • Alteração só na afirmativa. Outras - auxiliar (+) She went to the club yesterday. (+) They watched TV yesterday. (-) She didn’t go to the club yesterday. (-) They didn’t watch TV yesterday. (?) Did she go to the club yesterday? (?) Did they watch TV yesterday?

10. 1) USED TO They used to have very long hair. 1. She used tobe a rebel.  She isn’t anymore. 2. She didn’t use tobe a rebel.  Today she is. 3. Did she use tobe a rebel? 2) BE USED TO / GET USED TO  Form be used to + noun or gerund get used to + noun or gerund Meaning • We use be used toto say that a situation is not new or strange, or is no longer new or strange. • I've lived here for ten years now so I'm used to driving in the city. • He's not used to working at night so he sometimes falls asleep. • Are you used to the climate? • I wasn't used to working such long hours when I started my new job. • We use get used toto say that an action or situation becomes less strange or new, or becomes more comfortable. • It took them a long time to get used to their new boss. • Have you got used to driving on the left yet? • She is getting used to waking up early for her new job.

11. Past Perfect (had + participle) • Expressa uma ação que aconteceu antes de outra no passado simples (de duas açõespassadas é a que acontece em primeiro lugar). • É comum vir acompanhado de conjunções como before, after, when:  When I called up Sue, Ralph had just left. (Ralph saiu antes de eu chamar Sue.)  They had already cooked dinner before I got there with a pizza. (O jantar já estava pronto quando cheguei com a pizza) • Veja o seguinte exemplo: Sarah arrived at the party. Este é o ponto de partida da nossa história. Se quisermos falar de coisas que aconteceram antes desse tempo, usamos o past perfect:  When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home. (Paul foi embora para a casa antes de Sarah chegar a festa.)

12. Future Tenses • Futuro  de acordo com o que se quer mostrar: Plans, intentions, predictions, scheduling, requests. Descrevem ações que estão para acontecer mais tarde no mesmo dia, ou num futuro próximo ou distante.

13. WILL FUTURE / SIMPLE FUTURE / WILL (will + infinitive) • Affirmative: In the future people will live on the moon.(No futuro as pessoas morarão na lua) • Negative: In the future people won’t live on the moon. • Interrogative: Will people live on the moon, in the future? • Short answers: Yes, they will. No, they won’t. • Mesma forma para todas as pessoas: I / You / He / She / It / We / They will / won’t travel • Podem-se usar expressões tais como: Maybe, Perhaps, Probably, I think, it's possible + will

14. I) Incerteza – o que você acha que irá acontecer Sílvio Santos will be the next president of Brazil. (Sílvio Santos será o próximo presidente do Brasil) I think Maria will phone me. (Eu acho que a Maria irá me ligar) • OTHER POSSIBILITIES: a) não há certeza mas uma simples possibilidade MAY / MIGHT / COULD - The weather may /might / could be better later tonight. (O tempo poderá estar melhor mais tarde); b) não há certeza, mas existe uma esperança: The weather will probably be better tonight. (O tempo provavelmente estará melhor à noite)

15. II) Offer (oferecer) • I’ll help you with the books. (Eu te ajudarei com os livros) • I’ll open the window for you. (Eu abrirei a janela para você) • Shall I / we carry the chairs? (use ‘shall’ somente com ‘I’ e ‘We’) (Posso / Podemos carregar as cadeiras?) III) Requests (pedidos) • Will you please help me carry this? (Você me ajudaria a carregar isto?) • Will you please not smoke? (Você poderia não fumar?) • OTHER POSSIBILITIES:  Could you help me carry this?, Would you carry this please?, Why don’t you help me carrying this? (Por que você não me ajuda a carregar isto?)  Would you mind not smoking? (Você se importa em não fumar?)  Could you not smoke? Would you not smoke? (Você poderia não fumar?)

16. IV) Prediction without evidence (prever o futuro sem evidência) • James will stop smoking soon. (James irá parar de fumar logo) • Flamengo will win the championship in 2009. (Flamengo vencerá o campeonato de 2009) V) Promise (promessa) • Ok, I’ll clean my room. (Ok, eu limparei o quarto) • We’ll build new houses for the poor. (Nós construiremos novas casas para os pobres) VI) Decision at the moment we speak (decisão no momento da fala) • Hmm, I’ll have an ice cream. (Hmm, eu vou tomar um sorvete). • Look, I still have R$ 2,00. I’ll buy some candies. (Olha, eu ainda tenho R$2,00. Comprarei algumas balas) VII) usar - let us or let's – no lugar de fazer uma pergunta: • Let's go to the cinema this evening! (= Shall we go to the cinema this evening?) = Vamos ao cinema? • Let's eat our lunch now! (= Shall we eat our lunch now?) = Vamos comer nosso almoço agora?

17. GOING TO [verb to be (am / is / are) + going to + infinitive] Affirmative: I’m going to see the Olympic Games in China. She’s going to see the Olympic Games in China. They’re going to see the Olympic Games in China.(Eles irão ver os jogos Olímpicos na China) Negative: I’m not going to see the Olympic Games in China. She isn’t going to see the Olympic Games in China. They aren’t going to see the Olympic Games in China. Interrogative: Is she going to see the Olympic Games in China Short answers: Yes, she is. No, she isn’t.

18. I) Plans • I’m going to travel to Rio. I’ve checked all prices. (Euvou viajar para o Rio. Já chequei todos os preços) • She isn’t going to travel with me. Maybe, she’ll be working. (Ela não vai viajar comigo. Talvez ela esteja trabalhando) II) Predictions with evidence • Look at those clouds. It’s going to rain. (Olhe aquelas nuvens. Vai chover) • Shh, cross the street. There’s a huge dog over there. It’s going to bite us. (Shh, atravesse a rua. Há um enorme cachorro logo ali. Ele vai nos morder) • That girl is wearing a wedding dress. She’s going to get married. (Aquela moça está vestindo um vestido de noiva. Ela vai se casar)

19. PRESENT CONTINUOUS FOR FUTURE ARRANGEMENTS [verb to be (am / is / are) + verb (+ing) ] • Affirmative: I’m seeing my mother next Saturday. (Eu verei minha mãe no próximo sábado.) • Negative: She isn’t working next week. (Ela não trabalhará na próxima semana.) • Interrogative: Are you travelling to São Paulo this year? • Short answers: Yes, she is. No, she isn’t. • Certeza quanto ao fato que irá ocorrer; • usar time expressions: next week / year

20. ADVERBS Verbal tenses: yet, already, ever, just, always, usually, never, hardly ever, rarely, often, sometimes, seldom, once, twice, occasionally, generally, every day / daily, Adverbs of manner Slowly, quickly, actively, well, badly, carefully, politely, immediately Adverbs of intensity Absolutely, completely, very, quite, so, really, almost, perhaps, probably, nearly, doubtlessly, only, hardly Adverbs of time Early, soon, late, now, today, before, immediately, the day before yesterday, then, still, tomorrow, tonight, yesterday, ago, in the morning/afternoon/evenings, at night Adverbs of place Beside, here, there, indoors, outdoors, around, everywhere, somewhere, anywhere, far away, close, next, upstairs, nowhere, abroad, ahead.