The West on the Eve of a New World Order

1. The West on the Eve of a New World Order

2. The Scientific Revolution Toward a New Heaven: A Revolution in Astronomy Geocentric theory of the universe Nicholas Copernicus (1473 � 1543) Johannes Kepler (1571 � 1630) Galileo Galilei (1564 � 1642) Isaac Newton (1642 � 1727)

3. Toward a New Earth: Descartes and Rationalism Rene Descartes (1596 � 1650) Cartesian dualism Rationalism Europe, China, and Scientific Revolutions

4. Centers of Enlightenment circa 1700

5. The Enlightenment Background to the Enlightenment Isaac Newton (1642-1727) World and everything in it worked like a giant machine John Locke (1632-1704) Essay Concerning Human Understanding Every person born with a blank mind The Philosophers and Their Ideas Who were the philosophes? Paris: the capital of the Enlightenment Role of philosophy: not just to discuss the world but to change it

6. Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) Spirit of the Laws (1748) Natural laws Three kinds of government Checks and Balances/Separation of powers Fran�ois-Marie Arouet, Voltaire (1694-1778) Criticism of traditional religion Favored religious toleration Deism Denis Diederot (1713-1784) Encyclopedia, 28 volumes Spread the ideas of the Enlightenment

7. Toward a New �Science of Man� Belief in natural laws for all areas of human life Called �Science of Man�, or social sciences Physiocrats Natural economic laws Adam Smith (1723-1790) State should not interfere with economic matters Idea became known as laissez-faire Three functions of government: protect society against invasion; defend citizens against injustice; and keep up certain public works The �Woman Question� in the Enlightenment

8. The Later Enlightenment Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind The Social Contract Entire society agrees to be governed by its general will General will is not only political but also ethical, representing what the entire community ought to do �mile Education should foster, rather than restrict, children�s natural instincts Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) Subjection of women by men wrong Philosophical idea of innate reason means women have to be equal

9. Culture in an Enlightened Age Rococo Art Emphasized grace, charm, and gentle action Highly secular Antoine Watteau (1684-1721) World of upper-class joy and pleasure; underneath the fragility and transitory nature of pleasure, love, and life High Culture Literary and artistic culture Expansion in the 18th century of reading public and publishing Popular Culture Group activity Feast days and festivals Carnival

10. Global Trade Patterns of the EuropeanStates in the Eighteenth Century

11. Economic Changes and the Social Order New Economic Patterns Population Growth Growth begins in Europe about 1750 Agricultural revolution Textile industry Global economy Gold and silver from Spanish America made its way to Britain, France, and the Netherlands for manufactured goods In turn, the profits used to buy tea, spices, silk, and cotton goods from China and India Plantations of the Western Hemisphere British ships carry British goods

12. European Society in the Eighteenth Century Society still divided into traditional orders or estates determined by heredity Governments helped maintain the divisions Free peasant and serf 85 percent of Europe�s population Eastern Germany, eastern Europe, and Russia peasants remained tied to the land as serfs Peasants in Britain, northern Italy, the Low Countries, Spain, most of France, and some areas of western Germany were largely free Nobles Urban population Patrician oligarchies, upper middle class, lower middle class, laborers

13. Latin America in the Eighteenth Century

14. Colonial Empires and Revolution in the Western Hemisphere Society in Latin America Multiracial Mestizos Mulattoes The Economic Foundations Precious metals Agriculture Trade The State and the Church in Colonial Latin America Difficulty of communication and control Portuguese Brazil Brazil will have a Governor-general

15. Spanish America Viceroy All governmental positions held by Spaniards Missionaries Missions Hospitals, orphanages, and schools Nunneries Sor Juan In�s de la Cruz (1651-1695)

16. British North America Shared political power between monarch and Parliament Parliament gradually gained the upper hand Crown chose ministers responsible to the crown Parliament made laws, levied taxes, passed budgets, and influenced the king�s ministers Growing middle class William Pitt, the elder, prime minister in 1757 Gained Canada and India in The Seven Year�s War

17. North America, 1700-1803

18. The American Revolution Consequences of the Seven Years� War Second Continental Congress Declaration of Independence The War Foreign support Continental Army Yorktown, 1781 Treaty of Paris, 1783

19. Birth of a New Nation Articles of Confederation, 1781 Constitution, 1789 Three branches of government �Checks and balances� Bill of Rights

20. Expansion of Prussia, 1640-1795

21. Toward A New Political Order and Political Conflict Enlightenment impacts political development Philosopher�s natural rights What made a ruler enlightened? Enlightened absolutism Prussia: The Army and the Bureaucracy Frederick William II, the Great, of Prussia (1740-1786) Well educated Believed the king was the �first servant of the state� Reforms The Austrian Empire of the Habsburgs Joseph II of Austria (1780-1790) Reforms Problems

22. From Muscovy to Russia, 1584-1796

23. Russia Under Catherine the Great Catherine II, the Great, of Russia (1762-1796) Initial reforms Charter of the Nobility, 1785 Expansion Emelyan Pugachev Rebellion, 1773-1774 Joseph II - true radical change Catherine II and Frederick II attempted some reforms Enlightened rulers were limited in what they could do

24. The Seven Years� War

25. Changing Patterns of War: Global Confrontation International rivalry War of Austrian Succession, 1740-1748 Maria Theresa of Austria (1740-1748) Silesia was seized by Prussia from Austria France occupied the Austrian Netherlands France took Madras in India from the British Britain took Louisbourg in North America All exhausted by 1748; return of all territories but Silesia

26. Seven Years� War: A Global War, 1756-1763 Britain-France conflict France-Austria-Russia alliance European conflict Indian conflict North American conflict

27. The French Revolution Background to the French Revolution Social Structure of the Old Regime First Estate (Clergy) 130,000 who own about 10 percent of the land Exempt from the taille Were divided from within as well 350,000 owning about 25 to 30 percent of the land

28. The French Revolution (cont.�d) Second Estate (Nobility) About 350,000 people Owned about 25 � 30 percent of the land Looking to expand their power Were exempt from the taille Third Estate (Commoners, skilled workers, bourgeoisie) Peasants were 75 to 80 percent of the population owning 35 to 40 percent of the land No serfdom but obligations Skilled craftsmen, shopkeepers, and wage earners Bourgeoisie (middle class) make up about 8 percent (about 2.3 million) of population who own about 20 to 25 percent of the land

29. Other Problems Facing the French Monarchy Bad harvests in 1787 and 1788 Collapse of government finances Louis XIV (1774-1792) Estates General, last called in 1614 First Estate and Second Estate 300 delegates Third Estates 600 delegates

30. From Estates-General to National Assembly Estates General opens May 5, 1789, at the Palace of Versailles Organization Demands of the Third Estate Third Estate constitutes itself as the National Assembly, June 17, 1789 Bastille, July 14, 1789 The Great Fear, July-August, 1789

31. Destruction of the Old Regime Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, August 26, 1789 Olympe de Gouges Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen Parisian women march to Versailles and force Louis XVI and his family to return to Paris Civil Constitution of the Clergy, July 12, 1790 National Assembly creates a constitution, 1791 Set up a limited constitutional monarchy Legislative Assembly to make the laws Uses an indirect voting method to elect representatives Opposition to the new government King attempts to flee France in June 1791 Legislative Assembly declares war on Austria, April 20, 1792

32. The Radical Revolution National Convention, September 1792 Abolition of the monarchy, September 21, 1792, creation of a republic Execution of Louis XIV, January 21, 1793 Paris Commune Informal European coalition against France -- Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Britain, the Dutch Republic, and Russia A Nation in Arms Committee of Public Safety, 1793-1794 Universal mobilization of the nation, August 23, 1793 Army grew from 650,000 to 1,169,000 in September 1794

33. Reign of Terror Protect the Republic from internal enemies Executions Lyons De-Christianization New calendar Temple of Reason

34. Reaction and the Directory Robespierre guillotined on July 28, 1794, thus ending the Reign of Terror Directory, August 1795-1799 Stagnation and corruption Coup d��tat in 1799

35. The French Republic, Its Satellites, and Hostile States in 1799

36. The Age of Napoleon Born on the island of Corsica in 1769 Brigadier general, 1794 Disastrous expedition to Egypt, 1797 Consulate created following the coup d��tat of 1799 Napoleon the First Consul Consul for life, 1802 Crowned Emperor Napoleon I, 1804 Domestic Policies Concordat of 1801 with the Catholic Church Napoleonic Civil Code Bureaucratic reform Effects of Napoleon�s domestic policies

37. Napoleon�s Empire and the European Response Peace 1802; war renewed in 1803 Britain, Austria, Russia, Russia, and Prussia in the Third Coalition Victories of 1805 to 1807 The Grand Empire Napoleon master of Europe, 1807-1812 The French Empire Dependent states Allied states Napoleon sought acceptance for revolutionary ideas Napoleon sought to destroy the old order Why does Napoleon fail?

38. The Napoleonic Empire, 1810-1813

39. Fall of Napoleon Invasion of Russia, 1812 Russia refused to remain in the Continental System Russian tactics Only 40,000 of 600,000 invaders returned to Poland in January, 1813 Defeat , April, 1814 Paris captured in March, 1814 Exile to Elba, 1814 Louis XVIII took the throne Napoleon returns to France Battle of Waterloo, June 18, 1815 Napoleon defeated by the Duke of Wellington Exile to St. Helena, 1815-1821

40. Discussion Questions How did the Scientific Revolution of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries contribute to the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century? How did changing economic patterns in the eighteenth century affect European social development? Compare and contrast British and Spanish rule in the Americas. What were the most important causes of the French Revolution? Is it accurate to describe Napoleon as an advocate of the ideals of the French Revolution?