On the Eve of a New World Order – Democratic Revolutions

1. On the Eve of a New World Order – Democratic Revolutions

2. England • Popular Tudors followed by Stuarts • James I and Charles I unpopular • Divine right • Friendship with Catholic Spain • Ruled without Parliament • Imprisoned people without trial

3. England • Parliament issues the Petition of Right • Cannot levy taxes without Parliament’s consent • Can’t imprison people without a specific charge habeas corpus) • Could not quarter (house) troops in private homes without consent

4. English Civil War • Conflict between Stuarts and Parliament (dominated by Puritans) • Charles I beheaded • Parliament wins • Oliver Cromwell rules England • Dictatorship • Puritan intolerance of Anglicanism • Severe Puritan moral code

5. English Civil War • Cromwell dies, Stuarts rule again • “Restoration” of the Stuarts • Charles II new king but makes reforms • Pledges to observe Magna Carta (kings do NOT have unlimited power) and Petition of Right • Habeas Corpus Act – no arrest without court order • Must be charged, can have bail

6. English Civil War • James II antagonizes Parliament again • The Glorious Revolution • Parliament offers the crown to William and Mary • Bloodless revolution – restores peace to England • Bill of Rights passed • Toleration Act passed (religious freedom)

7. Democratic Revolutions • Earlier democratic reforms in England with the Glorious Revolution • Democratic traditions long part of English history • Magna Carta - 1215 • Jury System • Parliament • Common Law • Petition of Right

8. American Revolution • Neglected colonies for 150 years (Salutary Neglect) • Mercantilism – favorable trade for GB • French and Indian War (7 Year’s War) – GB v. France for control of N. America • England wins N. America from the French – new restrictions and taxes to pay for the war • Changes our relationship with England forever • First Continental Congress - Colonial defiance and resistance – demonstrations, boycotts, protests, committees, Boston Tea Party • Colonies had all been separate

9. American Revolution cont. • April 1775, Lexington & Concord – First shots (“heard around the world”) • 2nd Continental Congress: • George Washington in command • Declaration of Independence (1776) by Thomas Jefferson – based on Enlightenment ideas of Locke, Rousseau, etc. • 1781 - Americans defeat British (Cornwallis surrenders to Washington) win independence

10. American Revolution cont. • Articles of Confederation – first government (weak, couldn’t tax, raise and army, regulate trade, etc.) Why? • Philadelphia – went to revise Articles • New government entirely – Constitution • Separation of powers • Legislative – makes laws • Executive – enforces laws • Judicial – interprets laws

11. American Revolution cont. • Checks and balances – each branch limits the others (veto, appointments, controlling $) • Bicameral – 2 house legislature • Senate – 2 per state (total 100) • House of Representatives – based on population (total 435)

12. American Revolution cont. • Not approved until Bill of Rights added • First 10 amendments to the Constitution • 1 – speech, press, religion, assembly, petition • 2 – bear arms • 3 – no quartering of troops • 4 – no unreasonable searches & seizures

13. Amendments cont. • 5 – Rights of the accused • Grand jury, no double jeopardy, no self-incrimination, can’t take property without compensation • 6 – Rights of the accused • Speedy and public trial, impartial jury, informed of the charges, confront witnesses, lawyer • 7 – Jury trial in civil suit (over $20) • 8 – No unreasonable fine, punishment, bail • Only 27 total amendments in over 200 years!

14. The French Revolution – Political and Social Upheaval

15. The French Revolution • Fundamental causes – Abuses of the Old Regime • King Louis XVI ruled by divine right • Ministers selected by favoritism, not ability • Censored press and speech • Lettres de cachet – imprisoned enemies indefinitely w/out charge, trial, bail • People had no voice in government

16. Causes cont. • 3 distinct classes - Estates • First – clergy • Second – nobility • Third – the rest (bourgeoisie – bankers, manufacturers, professionals, city workers, peasants – made up 97% of the population!) • 1st and 2nd estates owned most land, power, held best jobs, exempt from most taxes

17. Causes cont. • Enlightenment ideas spread new views on gov’t. power & authority (Am. Rev. also) • Louis XVI spent vast sums of money on Versailles, helping Americans in Revolution • Inflation, poor harvests • Weak king who failed to act • Forced to call Estates General (legislature) – he needs $$$$$ • 1st had 300 representatives • 2nd had 300 representatives • 3rd had 600 representatives

18. Causes & Revolution • Voted by Estate not by numbers so vote was always 2 to 1 • Third Estate brings cahiers – grievances to the king • The Revolution begins – liberte’, egalite’, fraternite’ • Third Estate declares themselves a National Assembly; locked out of meeting hall • Tennis Court Oath – pledged a constitution

22. Revolution • Bastille is destroyed (7/14/89) – hated symbol of the Old Regime (French independence day) • Great Fear sweeps countryside; uprisings • National Assembly abolishes special privileges • Declaration of the Rights of Man (from England and American history) • Church lands broken up and sold to peasants • Abolished Church tithes, guaranteed freedom of religion • Constitution of 1791 – Legislative Assembly would pass laws (Constitutional Monarchy)

25. Revolution cont. • Emigres (nobles who had fled France) • Sans-culottes (shopkeepers/wage-earners who wanted more voice in gov.) • All struggled to influence politics; led to violence • Coalition and war against France: Austria, GB, Holland, Spain, Prussia • National Convention (new gov) 1792 – Monarchy abolished & Republic declared

26. Revolution – The Terror • Girondists (moderates) vs. Jacobins (radicals) (Maximilien Robespierre, Marat, Danton) • Louis XVI is tried for treason, executed by guillotine (along with Marie Antoinette) • Robespierre emerges - Committee of Public Safety (Jacobins); radical, extremist group • Reign of Terror - all enemies crushed; mass executions by guillotine; lost support • Reaction: Convention executes Robespierre • New Constitution – Directory created (moderate)

28. Robespierre

30. The Guillotine

31. Napoleon Bonaparte • Had gained fame as military leader • Coup d’etat – swift overthrow of government; declares himself Consul for Life 1799 • 1804 - Declared himself Emperor Napoleon • Concordat w/ Church; recognizes Catholicism as majority religion • Centralized local government under his authority; local officials answered to him; more efficient

32. Napoleon

34. Accomplishments • Economic reforms: revamped tax collection, price controls, encouraged industry • Furthered public education • Concordat w/Church – official religion • Napoleonic Code – legal code that included certain civil rights (jury, etc.) religious toleration, promotion based on merit • Women lose rights • Legion of Honor to recognize distinguished military careers • Public works (roads, bridges, etc.)

35. Napoleon’s Downfall - Wars • Coalition (Britain, Austria, Russia vs. France) • British victory at Trafalgar destroys French fleet & prevents invasion of England • Continental System – attempt to prevent British trade with Europe (blockade) • Sells Louisiana Territory to U.S. (Jefferson) • Invaded Russia – Russians retreated, French lines too far extended, Russians destroyed and burned everything “scorched earth.”

36. Napoleon cont. • French forced to retreat; lost ¾ of his army • Defeated by Russia, Prussia, Austria • Abdicates throne; exiled to Elba • Louis XVIII becomes King of France • Escapes and returns after 100 days • Defeated at Waterloo (Belgium) by Duke of Wellington & coalition • Exiled to St. Helena where he died