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The Dynamic Earth

The Dynamic Earth. Chapter 3. Earth as a System. Geosphere – land 6,378 km radius Atmosphere – mixture of gases, air Hydrosphere – water covers 2/3’s Biosphere – life exists, 9 km above to the bottom of the ocean. Earths Interior. Each layer of the earth gets denser the deeper it gets

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The Dynamic Earth

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  1. The Dynamic Earth Chapter 3

  2. Earth as a System • Geosphere – land 6,378 km radius • Atmosphere – mixture of gases, air • Hydrosphere – water covers 2/3’s • Biosphere – life exists, 9 km above to the bottom of the ocean

  3. Earths Interior • Each layer of the earth gets denser the deeper it gets • Three Compositional Layers: • 1. Crust – outer layer, 5-8km under the oceans, 20-70km under the continents • 2. Mantle – 2900km thick, medium dense 64% • 3. Core – radius of 3400 km, most dense

  4. The Geosphere

  5. Five Physical Layers of the Earth • Lithosphere – cool, rigid layer, up to 300 km, makes up the pieces called the tectonic plates • Asthenosphere – plastic, solid layer of mantle that flows smoothly and the tectonic plates move on top of it, 250 km • Mesophere – lower part of the mantle, 2550 km • Outer Core – made of liquid nickel and iron, 2200 km • Inner Core – 1228 km, solid nickel and iron

  6. Plate Tectonics • Continents are on the tectonic plates and move with them • Major tectonic plates are the Pacific, North American, South American, African, Eurasian and Antarctic • Geologic activity occurs at the boundaries between tectonic plates • Plates collide, pull apart, slip past each other cause mountains to form, earthquakes and volcanoes

  7. Earthquakes • Fault – break in the crust that is where earthquakes occur • Richter scale 2-9.5- measure of the magnitude of an earthquake, each number is 31.7 times stronger than the number below Volcanoes • Ring of Fire Contains 75% of the worlds active volcanoes • Located on plate boundaries

  8. Erosion • Removal and transport of surface material • 2 Types: • Water Erosion – rivers and oceans • Wind Erosion – deserts and beaches

  9. Atmosphere - • Mixture of gases surrounding earth • Constantly changing • Insulates thus keeping earth temperature constant • Nitrogen makes up 78% • O, Ar, Co2, methane, water vapor • Atmospheric Dust-soil, salt, ash from fires, volcanic ash, pollen, bacteria, viruses • Air pressure is less dense the further out

  10. Atmosphere – 4 layers 1.Troposphere – area closest to the ground, 18 km 75%of the gases, dust, ice and liquid water-Weather, Clouds, and smog occur here • 2. Stratosphere – 18-50 km Ozone layer, temperature rises • 3. Mesosphere – 50-80 km, coldest layer, down to -92o C • 4. Thermosphere – contains the ionosphere where electrical charged particles are (get AM radio at night when sun goes down, particles quit jumping) • Temperatures up to 2000oC

  11. Energy Transfer occurs by: • Radiation – electromagnetic waves, no contact but still feel it, moves from object with a higher temperature to one with a lower temperature • Conduction – direct contact, fast moving molecules to slow moving molecules • Convection – density differences, air is warmed, the air molecules move apart which increases the volume of air which reduces its density thus the air raises and causes a circular movement of air called a convection current

  12. Green House Effect • Solar energy is trapped next to the earth’s surface by the atmosphere • Gases that trap heat next to earth are called greenhouse gases: water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide • These gases keep earth warm enough to support life as we know it.

  13. WaterCycle

  14. Water on Earth • Hydrosphere – all water on earth’s surface, covers 70% of earths surface, 97% salt water, of the remaining 3% - 2/3’s is frozen in the ice caps of the south and north poles • Water Cycle – water constantly moves between the atmosphere and earth, sun provides the energy for this • Evaporation - Heat from sun cause water to evaporate into the atmosphere into water vapor • Condensation -Water vapor changes back into a liquid in the atmosphere as it cools, when it condenses it forms clouds • Precipitation – clouds cannot hold any more water vapor, it falls as rain, snow, hail, sleet • rain is either absorbed by ground, runoff, or evaporates

  15. Earth’s Oceans • Make up over 70% of the earth’s surface • Major Oceans: • Pacific Ocean is the largest – deepest area of all ocean is Challenger Deep, 11,033 m below sea level, (deeper than Mt. Everest) • Atlantic Ocean- also North and south • Indian Ocean • Arctic Ocean – smallest ocean covered by ice, pack ice

  16. Ocean Water • Salinity – concentration of all the dissolved salts, average 3.5% • Composed of Sodium (31%) and Chlorine (55%) • Zones of the Ocean • Surface Zone – warm, sunlight • Thermocline – area that gets cold • Deep Zone – average temperature 2o C • Functions to absorb and store solar energy • Currents move warm and cold water

  17. Biosphere • Closed system – matter in the environment • Open system - for energy, sunlight

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