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Dynamic Earth

Dynamic Earth. Geosphere/Lithosphere. Earth’s Layers. Plate Tectonics. Earth’s Internal Heat Engine. Fig. 1.6.

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Dynamic Earth

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  1. Dynamic Earth

  2. Geosphere/Lithosphere

  3. Earth’s Layers

  4. Plate Tectonics

  5. Earth’s Internal Heat Engine Fig. 1.6 Very hot material from the core heats the materials above. The hot material expands and moves upward, and cools as it nears the surface. The cold crust is then pushed back down at plate boundaries. Image from: wps.prenhall.com/.../1269/1300245/18fig12.gif

  6. Sea Floor Spreading

  7. Movement of the Continents: The continents have not always been where they are now. Over time they drifted across the surface of the Earth, and continue to do so today. www.adonline.id.au/plantevol/continents.htm

  8. Pangea ~250 MYA

  9. Gondwana ~200 MYA

  10. www.ig.utexas.edu/.../plates/pt.info.htm

  11. Plate motions:The length of the arrows in the image below shows how fast the plate is traveling in the direction indicated. So how do we know these velocities so precisely?

  12. GPS: Global Positioning System: A network of 24 satellites orbit the earth for use with this system.

  13. Example of a convergent plate boundary in Nepal. peace.sandiego.edu/ programs/nepal.html

  14. Example of a Continent/continent collision:Indian and Eurasian plate pubs.usgs.gov/publications/ graphics/FigS8-2.gif

  15. www.cas.sc.edu/.../ images/GSG_CD/ Most divergent boundaries are out in the ocean. But there are a few places they actually cross land. These regions are known as “Rift zones”. earthquake.usgs.gov

  16. San Andreas Fault

  17. Volcanoes

  18. How Volcanoes Form Deep in the earth it is so hot that rocks melt. The melted rock is called magma. The magma is lighter than the rocks around it so it rises. Sometimes it finds a crack or hole in the earth’s crust and bursts through.

  19. Volcano Formation

  20. Why do volcanoes erupt?

  21. Pressure builds deep in the earth where the magma is. Suddenly the gases escape and violently explode. It is kind of like toothpaste squirting out of a tube when you give it a hard squeeze.

  22. Pyroclastic Flow fast-moving currents of hot gas and rock which travel away from the volcano at speeds more than 50mph.

  23. Earthquakes and Tsunamis

  24. Earthquake Damage • landslides/mudslides • fires • ground shaking • tsunamis

  25. Tsunamis

  26. Tsunami Damage

  27. Warning System

  28. The Epicenter

  29. The Atmosphere

  30. Hydrosphere

  31. Statistics for the earth's water supply: • Oceans 97.61% •  Polar Ice & Glaciers 2.08 •  Groundwater 0.29 •  Freshwater lakes 0.009 •  Saline Lakes 0.008 •  Soil Moisture 0.005 •  Rivers 0.00009 •  Atmosphere  0.0009

  32. The Hydrologic Cycle

  33. The Biosphere

  34. The Biosphere Includes All Life on Earth • a zone that extends from the ocean floor upward several miles into the atmosphere • The biosphere includes all living organisms on Earth

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