Sociology of Gender Gender through the Prism of Difference

1. Sociology of GenderGender through the Prism of Difference Masculinities and Globalization Chapter One, Part Four

2. Masculinities of Postcolonialismand Neoliberalism • The Decolonization process have disrupted the gender hierarchy of colonial order, colonial violence brought about a violent response by the colonized people. Decolonization caused further disruption to the community-based gender orders. Yet we see old hierarchies persist in new forms. With the decline of communism, the world politics is more and more organized around the needs of transnational capital and the creation of global markets. neoliberalism emphasizes gender-neutral language such as; markets, individuals, choice, democracy, yet, we still see gendered world has the its interest of a male entrepreneur prevailing.

3. The recent state attack on welfare and how it weakens women position, while increasingly we see unregulated power of transnational corporations which places strategic power in the hands of particular groups of men. • Business executives on the contemporary transnational capital masculinity; this is trans-business masculinity, corporate self-promotions. This masculinity marked by egocentricism, individualism, decline of sense of responsibility towards others. • Executives in fast capitalism, a person with no permanent commitments except accumulation. • Transnational business masculinity differs from bourgeois masculinity by its increasing libertarian sexuality and tendency to commodify relations with women. Hotels catering to business men providing pornographic videos and well developed prostitution industry for international business men. • Sports models used as marketing tools associated with corporate sponsorship of sport as a means of legitimization for the world gender order.

4. Within the arena of International relations, the international state, multinational corporations, and global markets, there is an explicit hegemony of transnational business masculinity recently has its major competitor for hegemony in recent decades, is the control oriented masculinity of the military. • This masculinity expresses itself as a more flexible egocentric masculinity of the fast capitalist entrepreneur that hold the world economy stage. • We can conclude that different forms of masculinities exist together and that hegemony is constantly subject to challenges. These are the possibilities in the global arena. • Transnational business masculinity is not completely homogeneous; aviations of it are embedded in different parts of the world system. • There is the Confucian variant of South East Asia with stronger commitment to hierarchy and social consensus, from a secularized Christian variant, based in North America, with more individualism and greater tolerance for social conflict. • Furthermore, there is a conflict between the business and political leadership, embodying these forms of masculinity, over human rights versus individual ideological values and the extent of trade and investment liberalization..