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CH.14 THE SOUTH CONFORMS. Vijayanagara Administration Arts and literature. Foundation of Vijayanagara. Repercussions of events in the South Turkish Governor in the south revolted to establish- Bahmani kingdom
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CH.14 THE SOUTH CONFORMS Vijayanagara Administration Arts and literature
Foundation of Vijayanagara • Repercussions of events in the South • Turkish Governor in the south revolted to establish- Bahmani kingdom • Harihara, Bukka were captured and let off after conversion to Islam to establish Sultanat in the South. • They reverted to Hinduism with the help of Guru Vidyaranya • Harihara crowned king at Hampi (Hastinavati) • An enthusiasm to support Hinduism from this initial step
Vijayanagara • Harihara planned and built the city Vijayanagara • Large irrigation tanks were built • Forests were cleared for agricultural land • Large army- conflict between Vijayanagara and Bahmani was unavoidable • Bahmani kingdom declined in 1481 and in its place were foundede: Bijapur, Ahmednagar, Golkonda, Bidara and Berar. • This was the period of greatest power for Vijayanagara: Krishnadevaraya
Krishnadevaraya (1509-30) • His rule was the period of greatest power of Vijayanagara in South India • 1509- defeated the Bahmanis • But all the five Muslim kingdoms united later to defeat Vijayanagara • Conquered Orissa • 1364 defeated Malabar king
Administration • Largest source of revenue was from land • The pattern of administration was largely similar to that of North India • Governor (Nayaka)- land revenue and military for the king • Land tax 1/6-1/3 depending on land • Commercial and industrial taxes • Tolls at the gate ways • Temple still the creditor- land holdings
Artesans • High social status during Vijayanagara • Artesans guilds were controlled by merchant guilds- the guilds of traders • Foreign trade supported- Portuguese given facilities • Imported horses from Arabs later from Portuguese • Exported rice, Sugar, coconut, millet, dyes, sandalwood, spices, printed textiles
Arts and literature • Elaborate architectural constructions • The cities of Vijayanagara and Hampi • Temples-Gopurams (gateways) became the common ornate feature so also the mandapams (pillared halls) • Saivism gained popularity as Vijayanagara tutelary deity was Virupaksha (Siva) • Bhakti cult is a the most popular practiced Hinduism
Bhakti teacher of Maharashtra • Saints- Jnanadeva- translated the Bhagavadgita into Marathi • Namadeva- next saint to influence the religion of the South • The South Indian languages: Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Marathi were fully developed and had its own literature- some translations from Sanskrit religious texts • Sayana wrote commentaries on Vedas • Hemadri- translated the Dharmasastras
Regional and cultural unit • Although a number of regional kingdoms and languages was common • Cultural unity of India was common • Common religion: Pilgrimage included cities in the North and South irrespective of who ruled these areas • Traders- allowed freedom to travel