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מכללת BITLEE " מכללה למקצוענים באלקטרוניקה " מצגת SDH/SONET

מכללת BITLEE " מכללה למקצוענים באלקטרוניקה " מצגת SDH/SONET. The Digital Revolution. Analog Signal Transmission. Digital Signal Transmission. The Solution. Convert all signals to digital Employ time division multiplexing (TDM). 11 000 000 000!.

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מכללת BITLEE " מכללה למקצוענים באלקטרוניקה " מצגת SDH/SONET

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  1. מכללת BITLEE " מכללה למקצוענים באלקטרוניקה " מצגת SDH/SONET Name of lecture and lecturer

  2. The Digital Revolution Name of lecture and lecturer

  3. Analog Signal Transmission Name of lecture and lecturer

  4. Digital Signal Transmission The Solution • Convert all signals to digital • Employ time division multiplexing (TDM) Name of lecture and lecturer

  5. 11 000 000 000! How to convert speech to a sequence of ones and zeros Name of lecture and lecturer

  6. Pulse Amplitude Modulation - PAM a = Amplitude t = Time Name of lecture and lecturer

  7. Pulse Code Modulation - PCM Designated to Carry Digitized Voice (Based on 4 kHz Channels in AT&T’s FDM Hierarchy) Step 1 Sample analog signal at 8 kHz Results: Pulse Amplification Modulation Step 2 Digitize PAM samples to 13 (or 14) bits and compress to 8-bits using A-law or m-law tables Results: Pulse Code Modulation Transmission Requirement: 8,000 samples/second ´ 8-bits =64 kbps = 1 octet/125 msec FDM = Frequency Division Multiplexing Name of lecture and lecturer

  8. Pulse Code Modulation - PCM (Cont.) Transmit Side Receive Side Name of lecture and lecturer

  9. CODEC Quantizing - USA 1n (1+m½c½) 1n (1+m) Fm (c) = sgn (c) The Formula The North American standard for assigning and decoding a signal’s amplitude is m-law 255. This law defines how many quantizing levels are used and how they are arranged m = 255 (compression parameter) Character Signal Binary Code * Curve of m-Law Compander * This is the bit pattern transmitted for positive input values. The left-most bit is a 0 for negative input values Name of lecture and lecturer

  10. CODEC Quantizing - Europe 1 A 0£½c½ < 1 A £½c½£1 The European standard is the A-law and its formula is: 1 + ½nA½c½ 1 + 1n (A) A½c½ 1 + 1n (A) F (c) = sgn (c) F (c) = sgn (c) when and when Character Signal Binary Code * Curve of A-Law Compander * For positive input values. The left-most bit is a 0 for negative input values. Even bits (beginning with 1 at the left) are inverted before transmission Name of lecture and lecturer

  11. Network Evolution Analog Analog Switch Analog Switch Digital Analog Switch Analog Switch A/D D/A Digital Digital Switch Digital Switch Name of lecture and lecturer

  12. Time Division Multiplexing For Analog Signals Name of lecture and lecturer

  13. Time Division Multiplexing For Digital Signals Name of lecture and lecturer

  14. T1 Frame Structure Extended Superframe Frame Format Name of lecture and lecturer

  15. PDH The Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy Name of lecture and lecturer

  16. Plesiochronous Drop & Insert 34 Mbps 140 140 140M LTE 140M LTE 34 34 8 Mbps 34 34 2 Mbps 8 8 8 8 2 2 Customer Add/Drop operation requires complete demultiplexNG to locate A channels bits Name of lecture and lecturer

  17. The Add/Drop Operation New Technologies • Very tight synchronization • Use pointers to locate channels Name of lecture and lecturer

  18. Frame Format 64 kbps - - - - - - 64 kbps 130 or 31 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 PCM 30 Voice withCAS SignalingApplications 30 ´64 kbps 1.920 Mbps Signaling (Timeslot 16) 0.064 Mbps Framing (Timeslot 0) 0.064 Mbps Total, E1 2.048 Mbps Data ApplicationsorCCS Signaling 31 ´64 kbps 1.984 Mbps Framing (Timeslot 0) 0.064 Mbps Total, E1 2.048 Mbps Name of lecture and lecturer

  19. E1 - The European Digital Revolution Name of lecture and lecturer

  20. What is E1? A high speed digital communications link that enables the transmission of voice, data, and video signals at a rate of 2.048 Mbps • Initially designed for transmission of 30 telephone channels • Basis for design: PCM voice digitizing using 64 kbps for each channel • The E1 frame consists of 32 8-bit channels (timeslots) 32 ´ 8 = 256 bits/frame • E1 frames are transmitted at the rate of 8,000 frames/s 256 ´ 8,000 = 2,048 kbps or 2,048 Mbps Name of lecture and lecturer

  21. What is E1? (Cont.) • Serial synchronous bit stream at 2.048 Mbps • Specifications defined in CCITT recommendations: • G.704/G.732 Frame definition (for framing over E1 and T1) • G.703 Interface physical specs (pulse mask, etc.) • G.823 Jitter requirements • Interface (G.703) - two alternatives • 4-wire, balanced120W, pulse = 3.00 volts nominal • 4-wire, unbalanced, 2 coaxial connectors75W, pulse = 2.37 volts nominal Name of lecture and lecturer

  22. HDB3 Coding with Alternate Mark Inversion HDB3 (High Density Bipolar of Order 3) 0000 => 000V or B00VSo that violations alternate polarity HDB3Code HDB3Decode Name of lecture and lecturer

  23. Frame Format for E1 Channel 0 1 15 16 17 31 F Channels 1 to 15 Sig Channels 17 to 31 Channel 16 OptionalSignaling Channel Channel 0 Sync. Timing& Control Data 1 Frame = 256 bits (125 ms) Bit Rate = 2.048 kbps Name of lecture and lecturer

  24. E1/T1 Error Conditions Principal T1/E1 Alarms Red Alarm (FAS Loss) Produced by a receiver to indicate that it has lost frame alignment Yellow Alarm (RAI) Returned to a transmitting terminal to report a loss of frame alignment at the receiving terminal Normally, a T1/E1 terminal will use the receiver’s red alarm to request that a yellow alarm be transmitted Name of lecture and lecturer

  25. E1/T1 Error Conditions (Cont.) Blue Alarm (AIS) A continuous ones pattern without framing,indicates an upstream failure Loss here Blue (AIS) Red (LOF) T1/E1 MUX T3/E3 MUX Yellow (RAI) Name of lecture and lecturer

  26. Principal Error Conditions Loss of Carrier Receive data was 0 for 31 consecutive bits Bipolar Violation A failure to meet the AMI T1 line code F Bit Error Framing bit is in error Name of lecture and lecturer

  27. T1 - The American Digital Revolution Name of lecture and lecturer

  28. T1 Frame Format CH 1 . . . . . . . 24 Analog F F DS 0 --------------- “D” Channel Bank Analog DS 0 AT&T - 1957 DS 1 CH 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 bit PCM Codes 24 ´ Channels + 1 Framing Bit = 193 bits (Overhead) Name of lecture and lecturer

  29. D4 Channel Bank DS 1 1.544 Mbps 193 bit, 125 ms • Voice sent as 8-bit codes • Signaling by having the 8th bit (every 8th frame) indicate loop open or loop closed • Framing based on placing a 12-bit pattern in the framing bit (193rd bit) Name of lecture and lecturer

  30. T1 Frame Structure Extended Superframe Format Name of lecture and lecturer

  31. Line Code - Bipolar, 50% RTZ • To guarantee 0 DC element on the line, bipolar is used • To eliminate high frequency components that can interfere with other transmissions, digital services utilize 50% duty cycle, known as: Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) (Mark = Logic “1”) Name of lecture and lecturer

  32. Bipolar Violations Name of lecture and lecturer

  33. T1 Standard ANSI T1.403 - 1989 • Line Rate 1.544 MHz • Cable Length 6.000 ft max. • Pulse Amplitude 2.7 to 3.3 V • Maximum Successive Zeros 15 • Receive Attenuation 15 to 22.5 dB • Line Build Out 0.0, 7.5, 15 dB Name of lecture and lecturer

  34. T1 Summary • Serial Synchronous Bits Stream at 1.544 Mbps • Timeslot 8 bits • 24 Timeslots 8 ´ 24 = 192 bits • Frame 24 T.S. + 1 Framing Bit = 192 + 1 = 193 bits • Sampling Rate 8.000 samples/sec • T1 Bit Stream 8.000 Frames (192 bits/frame + 1 bit/frame) = 1.536 Mbps + 0.008 Mbps (framing) = 1.544 Mbps • Line Code AMI (50% Duty Cycle) or B8ZS (for clear channel) • Synchronization From Line • Interface 4-wire, Balanced, 100 W, RJ-45 Connector (or dB-15) Name of lecture and lecturer

  35. SDH/SONET Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Synchronous Optical Network • Developed as a result of PDH inability to cater for new digital data transmission requirements • Evolved as a joint world-wide standardization effort (ITU-T&ANSI) • Few differences still exist between European (ETSI) SDH and North-American (ANSI) SONET • Had to accommodate older PDH systems that are still operating Name of lecture and lecturer

  36. The Hierarchical Network Name of lecture and lecturer

  37. The Transmission Equipment Hierarchy 140M 2.5G 622M 34M 155M 8M 2M 64K PDH SDH Core, Backbone 565 Mbps Fiber 2.5 Gbps OLS Trunk, Long 140 Mbps Fiber 2.5 Gbps ADMDistance 140 Mbps Radio 155M Radio 34/14 Mbps Multiplex 4/4 DXC Regional, Urban, 140 Mbps Fiber 2.5 Gbps OLS Metropolitan 34 Mbps Fiber 2.5 Gbps ADM 34 Mbps Radio 622M OLS 34/140 Multiplex 622M ADM 2/34 Mbps Multiplex 155M Radio 4/3/1 DXC Local Junction, 8 Mbps Fiber 622M OLS Access 4  2M Radio 622M ADM 2M Radio 155M ADM 2/8 Multiplex Access Flex Mux Primary Multiplexer Channel Bank Access Multiplexer 4 Equivalent Capacity 4 4 2M Name of lecture and lecturer

  38. SDH/SONET Bit Rates Name of lecture and lecturer

  39. The “SDH” Add/Drop Operation New Technologies • Very tight synchronization (very few slips) • Uses pointers to locate channels Name of lecture and lecturer

  40. The STS-1 Frame (52 Mbps) Name of lecture and lecturer

  41. The STM-1 Frame (155 Mbps) 270 Columns (bytes) 9 rows Frame Period = 125 ms Name of lecture and lecturer

  42. VC-4/AU-4 Mapping to STM-1 Frame Name of lecture and lecturer

  43. STM-1 Structure VC-4 Payload SOH Seat on the Carriage = Tugs Name of lecture and lecturer

  44. Populating the Seats in the Carriage TUG2 Seats One LargePassenger  VC2 Three SmallerPassengers  3 ´ VC12 Four Even SmallerPassengers  4 ´ VC11 Name of lecture and lecturer

  45. STM-N Frame Structure 270 ´N Columns (bytes) 261 ´ N 9 ´ N 9 rows Name of lecture and lecturer

  46. STM-Nc - Concatenated Frame Structure 270 ´N Columns (bytes) 10 ´N 260 ´N 9 rows Payload Overhead. N ´ 1 Columns. One Column - Real Payload Overhead. Others - Fixed Stuff Name of lecture and lecturer

  47. Multiplexing of N AUGs into STM-N Name of lecture and lecturer

  48. STM-1 SOH 9 bytes RSOH 9 rows MSOH Bytes reserved for national use * Unscrambled bytes. Therefore care should be taken with their content D Media dependent bytes Name of lecture and lecturer

  49. Ring In Interoffice Application Name of lecture and lecturer

  50. Network Management • Embedded overhead channels (EOC) for management messages • Uses standard communications protocols New Technologies Name of lecture and lecturer

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