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The Holocaust and the end of WWII

The Holocaust and the end of WWII. The Holocaust, 1941-45 “The Final Solution”. Until 1941, Hitler and Nazis did not agree on what to do with Jews Emigration Madagascar TURNING POINT: June 1941, Operation Barbarossa Einsatzgruppen: “Mobile Killing Groups” or “Single-task groups” Jews

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The Holocaust and the end of WWII

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  1. The Holocaust and the end of WWII

  2. The Holocaust, 1941-45“The Final Solution” • Until 1941, Hitler and Nazis did not agree on what to do with Jews • Emigration • Madagascar • TURNING POINT: June 1941, Operation Barbarossa • Einsatzgruppen: “Mobile Killing Groups” or “Single-task groups” • Jews • Communists • Gypsies • Poles

  3. Einsatzgruppen, 1941-42

  4. Final Solution (cont.) • The ghettos were already sealed (1940) • Poison gas vans tested the use of gas • Auschwitz-Birkenau • Systematic annihilation of Jews and Gypsies • 1942–1944: one million killed • Anonymous slaughter • People were tortured, beaten, and executed publicly

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  8. Auschwitz-BirkenauWhat is it?

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  10. Who did this? Reserve Police Battalion 101 from Hamburg • Ordinary Germans obeying orders • July 1942-Nov. 1943: killed more than 38,000 Jews • deported 45,000 others.

  11. Who knew? • Extermination involved the knowledge and cooperation of many not directly involved in killing • Most who suspected the worst were terrified and powerless • Many Europeans believed “the Jews” were a problem that needed “solving” • Nazis tried to conceal the death camps • What of other governments? • Vichy France required Jews to wear special identification • Italians participated less actively • Hungarian government dragged its feet

  12. Resistance? • Little resistance seemed to be possible • Rebellions at Auschwitz and Treblinka • Warsaw ghetto uprising (1943) • 80 percent of the residents had been deported • Small Jewish underground movement • 56,000 Jews were killed

  13. Overall human costs • 5.1-6.0 million Jews • 800,000 in Ghettos • 1,400,000 in open-air shootings • 2,900,000 in camps • 1.8 -1.9 million Poles • 200,000-800,000 Roma & Sinti • 200,000-300,000 people with disabilities • 10,000-25,000 gay men • 2,000 Jehovah's Witnesses

  14. Near obliteration of Jewish culture

  15. Near obliteration of Jewish culture (e.g. Beliec)

  16. Beliec’s absence

  17. US intervention and end of WWII

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  19. US enters the war • December 7, 1941: Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor • 2.5 hours later, Japanese officially declared war on the United States and Britain • Dec. 8: Britain declared war • Dec. 8: US Congress declared that a state of war had existed since December 7 • Dec. 9: China declared war on Japan, Germany, and Italy • Dec. 11: Germany and Italy declared war on the United States, and the US Congress voted declarations in return

  20. The Grand Alliance • BIG THREE: • Great Britain: Winston Churchill • USA: F.D. Roosevelt • USSR: Josef Stalin • Keys to victory: Agreed to: • Europe first (Hitler - greatest evil) • Postpone politics (capitalism vs. communism) • Unconditional surrender (no 1918!)

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  22. But war in the east was decisive • Battle of Stalingrad: summer 1942-February 2, 1943 • Hitler wanted to take the city. Why? • Named after Stalin • Important port on Volga river • But distraction from oil reserves

  23. Battle of Stalingrad: summer 1942-February 2, 1943 • Axis powers advanced (General F. Paulus) • Soviets held on • Axis supplies started running out • Winter came • Panzer tanks useless in street fighting • Soviets counterattacked (pincer movement) • Surrounded Axis forces

  24. Street-to-street fighting

  25. Stalingrad • Feb. 2, 1943: Paulus surrendered (ignored Hitler) • Total Axis losses (Germans, Romanians, Italians, and Hungarians): 800,000 dead • Soviet soldiers: 1,100,000 dead • But turned the tide of the war

  26. June 6, 1944: D-Day: Battle of Normandy • Long period of preparation and planning • Largest amphibious landing in history • Five beaches: • Utah • Gold • Juno • Sword • “Bloody” Omaha • Significance: opened up a large second front

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  28. Yalta Conference, Feb. 1945 • Big Three • Key issue: Poland • London Poles (pre-WWII govt.) • Lublin Poles (communists) • Sovietization • Big Three agreed on “interim governmental authorities broadly representative of all democratic elements in the population . . . and the earliest possible establishment through free elections of governments responsive to the will of the people.”

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  30. ENDGAME • April 25, 1945: Soviet Army first to reach Berlin • April 30: Hitler and Eva Braun committed suicide • May 8, 1945: Victory in Europe!! • War in Europe ended

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  32. Potsdam Conference, summer 1945 • USA: Harry S Truman • USSR: J. Stalin • Great Britain: W. Churchill, then Clement Atlee • Solved nothing • Showed sides in emerging Cold War • Truman told Stalin about the bomb

  33. End of War with Japan • August 6, 1945: Hiroshima • Killed 70,000-90,000 people, injuring another 70,000 • August 9: Nagasaki • Killed 60,000-75,000 and injured about the same number

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  35. August 14, 1945: Japan surrendered • Total deaths: approximately 50 million • See Table, click here

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