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The Evolution of Chinese Education and Language Teaching in Thailand

This article explores the history and development of Chinese education and language teaching in Thailand, from the early 20th century to the present day. It discusses the two concepts of "Education in Chinese" and "Chinese Teaching" and the factors that contributed to the emergence and decline of Chinese education in different time periods. It also examines the transformation of Chinese education into Chinese language teaching in the late 20th century and the unprecedented growth of Chinese language learning in recent years. Overall, it provides insights into the evolution and significance of Chinese education and language teaching in Thailand.

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The Evolution of Chinese Education and Language Teaching in Thailand

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  1. From Education in Chinese to Chinese Language Teaching in ThailandZhang Xizhen Two Concepts First Emerging and Falling down of Education in Chinese (1918-1944) Second emerging and Falling down of Education in Chinese(1945-1988) Chinese Language Teaching after 1980’s

  2. I. Two Concepts • “Education in Chinese”（中文教育） and “Chinese teaching”（汉语教学，中文教学） • Education in Chinese before 1980s • Chinese teaching after 1980s • Education in Chinese • Students: children of Overseas Chinese in Thailand • Classroom language: Chinese • Goal of the education: to set up China’s identity in students’ minds as a Chinese • School: Private Chinese schools

  3. Chinese Language Teaching • Students: children of Chinese Thais in Thailand • Classroom language: Thai language • Goal of the education: learning Chinese as one of foreign language • School: common public schools and private schools • Different meaning in nature • “Education in Chinese”：learn native language • “Chinese teaching”: learn foreign language • Demarcation line: 1970s

  4. First Emerging and Falling down of Education in Chinese (1918-1944) • Emerging of education in Chinese • Emerging • 1918: private school regulation • 1921: 30 schools • 1928: 188 schools • 1932: 200 schools • 1938: about 300 schools • Reasons • Increasing of second generation of overseas Chinese • Associations of Overseas Chinese built many schools • Oversea Chinese businessmen financed education • Rama VI encouraged Chinese education • The government of Republic of China provided training of teachers

  5. Falling down • From 1938 to 1944: 240 schools were reduced to 2 • Most school were closed • Reason • Piboom took over power by military coup • He pushed Thai nationalism • Suppressed Overseas Chinese • Chinese newspapers and schools were closed • Education in Chinese was moved to underground • Leaning groups ( students less than 7) at home

  6. III. Second emerging and Falling down of Education in Chinese(1945-1988) • Emerging again • From 1945 to 1946: • Schools: up to 500 • Students: 17500 • By 1948: students: 60000 • Education in Chinese was expanded to Middle school • Reasons • Piboom was replaced by The Free Thai government in 1944 that changed anti-Chinese policy • China became a victory power after the World War II which encouraged Chinese • China’s government provided support and aid (1946)

  7. Falling down again • 1948: 462 schools • 1972: 162 schools • 1978: Chinese teaching was limited in first four years in primary schools and 5 hours a day • All Chinese schools were changed into ones like public schools • No more education in Chinese • Reasons • Piboom came to power again in 1947 and resumed his Thai nationalism • Confrontation between Thailand and China • Parents’ interests turned from Chinese to English with globalization

  8. IV. Chinese Language Teaching after 1980’s • Transformation period (1970s and 1980s) • Education in Chinese was changed into Chinese language teaching • Early emerging of Chinese language teaching (1988-2006) • Emerging • 1978: Prince Songkla University: first bachelor degree in Chinese language • 1996: Chulalongkorn University set up master progam in Chinese • 2006: 71 universities offer Chinese teaching programs

  9. Reasons • Government’s adjustment of policy under pressure from public • Former Primer Minister appealed • 1992: new proposal on Chinese teaching was approved by the parliament • Chinese was treated a foreign language to teach like English in all universities • Chinese language teaching can be expended to grade 5 and 6 • Hours of teaching are increased. • Chinese teaching is encouraged in all schools • 1998: Chinese was listed as one of foreign languages required for university admission exams

  10. Unprecedented period of Chinese teaching(2006-present) • Manifestation • 2011: about 2000 schools offered Chinese course and 700000 learning Chinese • 2018: second foreign language, about 1000000 learning • Reasons • Chinese influence was rising strongly with economic growing rapidly • China’s government’s support and aid • Confucius institutes and class were widely set up( 15，18 ) • Chinese volunteers (2000） • Thai governments supports and aids • More important is royal family, especially Princess Sirindhorn

  11. Thank you

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