BIRDS

1. BIRDS Rachel, Yui, and Beckie

2. CHARACTERISTICS • feathers • beaks - no teeth • high metabolism • wings - flight • annual migrations • usually monogamous

3. INTEGUMENT • FEATHERS • facilitate light • insulate • can be camouflage • are often used in displays, ex: mating, protection, etc. • BEAKS • often used to obtain food, ex: seeds • vary in size, shown with Darwin’s studies

4. LOCOMOTION • Do all birds fly? • NO!! However, flight IS the primary means of locomotion for most birds. Flight is often used to get food, for mating, for predator avoidance, and escape. Many birds have the following flight adaptations: • lightweight skeleton • certain muscles and organs • for flight, ex: pectoralis

5. FEEDING & DIGESTION • Birds eat many things, some of which are: • nectar • fruit • seeds • plants • carrion • small animals • Because birds have beaks with no teeth, their digestive systems have adapted to break down unmasticated food

6. Respiration • Birds have small lungsand 9sacs. • The air sacs permit the lung to regulate the volume of fresh air constantly. • No diaphragm • Bird’s lung does not expand like other mammals. • Respiration system plays an important role to maintain their body temperatures. (thermoregulation)

7. Circulation • Have 4 chambered heart • Birds tend to have larger hearts for flight. • Endothermic • The heart rates of smaller birds can be raise up to 1000 beats per minutes during flight. • Right ventricle pumps the deoxygenated blood into lung, and left ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

8. Nervous • Brain, a spinal chord, and nerves • Have large eyes to judge distance • Have larger brain -the brain of birds is 10times as much as the brain of reptile of the same weight. • Birds blow air through lungs to syrinxs to sing. syrinxs – the vocal organs which are located in the throat vibrate to produce songs

9. Excretion/Waste • Has kidneys and a ureter to excrete wastes • Convert ammonia to uric acid instead of urine. - less water wasting - don’t have to take much water

10. Reproduction of birds! • 91% of birds have monogamous, life long partnerships • The male is often just as essential as the female after the eggs hatch- sometimes a female cannot take care of her chicks without the male • In most females only the left ovary is functional • At birth birds range from precocial (very independent and fully formed) to altricial (cannot survive without complete parental care)

11. All birds lay eggs, but depending on the species they vary in size, hardness, and color • 4 parts of an egg: yolk (for nourishment to embryo), albumen (water supply and shock absorber), shell membranes, and the shell • Shells are covered with tiny pores that allow gas exchange

13. Fun Facts! • Hummingbirds eat about every ten minutes, slurping down twice their body weight in nectar every day • The world's only wingless bird is the kiwi of New Zealand • A woodpecker can peck twenty times a second. • Archeopteryx was the first bird, and lived during the Jurassic Period, about 150 million years ago • Sometimes birds show anger towards humans by taking out its feelings on other birds nearby, because they are too afraid to attack humans. • Birds spend 9% of each day grooming feathers