Monitoring Age Group Swimmers

1. Monitoring Age Group Swimmers Thomas Zochowski, MSc. Canadian Sport Centre Pacific tzochowski@pacificsport.com

2. Training Supercompensation Fatigue Recovery Overload-Rest Principles Performance Level

3. Training Overload Train New Level Performance Level Recovery Fatigue

4. Under -Training Too Infrequent Train Performance Level

5. Under-Training Training Supercompensation No Compensation Performance Level

6. Over-frequent Excessive Overload Inadequate Recovery Poor Training Adaptation Train Performance Level New Performance Level

7. Why Monitor? • Asses strengths and weaknesses. • Compare against previous data. • Compare against world class data. • Efficacy of program and response of athlete. • Assessment of current state. • Prediction of performance

8. Long Term Athlete Development Summary

9. Long Term Athlete Development Summary • Age range: Male 12-16yrs, Female 11-15yrs • Windows of Opportunity • PHV, speed and strength development • Objectives: Build the engine. • Key Tracking Measures • Growth rate. TRAIN TO TRAIN STAGE

10. Peak Height Velocity Males Females Relative increase per year 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Age (years) Adapted from Tanner, 1978 & Kahn, 1999

11. Long Term Athlete Development Summary • Age range: Male 16-18yrs, Female 15-17yrs • Windows of Opportunity • Event and distance specialization. • Objectives: Evaluate all skills under stress. • Key Tracking Measures • Race Analysis • Training Monitoring TRAIN TO COMPETE STAGE

12. Influence of maturation... Annual gain in various characteristics of performance capacity of young athletes 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Max anaerobic power (Margaria) Improvement in a year (%) Exc CO2 VO2max B[La] post anaerobic exercise AnT 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Age (years) Voitenko, 1985

13. ENERGETICS ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS OXIDATIVE ATP-CP Energy/Power Output Relative Contribution 10 s 30 s 90 s 3 min 15 min+ Time

14. “THE CLOCK IS TICKING!”

15. Gap Analysis • Athlete/coach driven, program supported. Psychology Nutrition Massage Therapy Biomechanics Physiology Sports Medicine Athlete / Coach Physiotherapy Strength & Conditioning Chiropractor Media Relations Race Analysis

16. GAP Analysis Goals and Objectives: • ID an athletes current standing and to define clear performance goals. • Break down the GAP • Technical Swim Ability. • Tactical Swim Ability. • Strength and Power • Physiology • Psychology • Lifestyle and Personality • Health Status • Clear communication between coach and Performance Enhancement Team.

17. GAP Attack • Training is designed to attack identified GAPs. • Progress monitored through training. • Progress monitored through performance.

18. Monitoring During Training • Repeated Measures • One-off testing is of little use. • Test / retest at predetermined points of training cycle. ****Best to do a few measures right and repeated.****

20. Monitoring During Training Testing Testing Testing Testing Testing Training Intervention • Testing at entry and exit points of training cycle. • Maintain protocols throughout season.

21. Monitoring During Training • SNC National Team Monitoring Protocol • Anthropometry • Dryland • Swimming WHAT NOW?

22. Monitoring During Training • Anthropometry • Standing height • Body mass • Sum of seven skin folds Bicep Tricep Thigh Subscapular Suprailiac Abdominal Medial Calf

23. Body Composition

25. Monitoring During Training • Dryland • Body weight pull-ups. • Push-ups. • Lateral medicine ball throw – rotational core strength.

26. Monitoring During Training • Swimming • Day 1 • 50 dive – swimming speed • 400 kick – kicking endurance • turn index - technique • Day 2 • 50kick – kicking speed • 7x200step test – anaerobic threshold

27. Monitoring During Training • Now What? • Sport Information Data Base (SID) • Use data to help mold training program.

28. Monitoring During Training • Hydration Monitoring • Dehydration of as little as 2% can impair performance. • Recent National Team data indicates that 44%-50% of athletes are not adequately hydrating. • Athletes that show signs of dehydration can usually get back on track in 24hours using the correct hydration strategy.

30. Monitoring During Training • Sweat loss and fluid intake

31. Monitoring During Training • Urine Specific Gravity (group results)

32. Monitoring During Training • Urine Specific Gravity (individual results)

33. Monitoring During Training • Urine Specific Gravity • 1.008 -1.015 (hydrated): • Athletes should make sure to keep up with current hydration regime and pay particular attention to travel days. An above average amount of fluid should be consumed on these days.

34. Monitoring During Training • 1.016 - >1.030 (mild to severely dehydrated): • 1. Hydration Before Exercise • Drink 250-500 mL of water 30-60 minutes before exercise. • 2. Hydration During Exercise • Replace about 80% of sweat loss. • 3. Hydration After Exercise • Replace fluids, carbohydrate and sodium lost during exercise to minimize dehydration.

35. Monitoring During Training **** Athletes should all drink a minimum of 2L of water/day plus extra to replace losses from training/competition. ****

36. Monitoring During Training • Can you drink too much water? • <1.007 (hyponatremia): • Excessive sodium loss is also associated with muscle cramping. • Example: • Triathlete exercising for 3 hrs @ a sweat rate of 2L/hr losing 2000mg Na/L through sweat: • Total sodium loss = 2000mg x 2L/hr x 3hrs = 12,000mg sodium deficit • To replace with Gatorade (110mg/250mL) would require the consumption of 27L—therefore intake of salt through food becomes imperative

37. Monitoring During Training Equipment used for sweat analysis

38. Monitoring During Training • Training Logs • Supplement the coaches “sense” of how things are going. • may provide information that otherwise would be missed or dismissed. • trends may emerge that help the athlete and coach identify challenges.

39. Monitoring During Training • Many types of training logs: • Simple notes kept by the athlete to more detailed and complex logs that document every aspect of training and lifestyle. • Notebook or online • May not be appropriate for certain athletes or sports.

40. Monitoring During Training • More information is not necessarily better! • Long term tracking • Individual variation takes time to discern.

41. Competitive Analysis • Most direct form of GAP attack. • Are you faster then the last performance? • Introduce competitive analysis at age group level to prepare for senior level.

42. Competitive Analysis Performane Time course (yrs) Norris, 2005

43. Competitive Analysis ???? IPC Injury? Illness? Cause? Time course (yrs) Norris, 2005

44. Competitive Analysis • Variables that are typically collected during competition: • Time/splits • Blood lactate • Rate of perceived exertion • Feeling scale • Video analysis

45. Competitive Analysis • What do we do with the data? • MUST look at the entire profile to learn from results. • Lactate: an easy marker to learn from but usefulness must be clarified.

46. Competitive Analysis Speed vs. Lactate general.

47. Competitive Analysis Speed vs. Lactate by event.

48. Competitive Analysis • Lactate scatter by event and individual.

49. Competitive Analysis • Neither of these analysis are very useful. • Must look at entire profile!

50. Competitive Analysis • Monitoring Warm-up • Heart rate, lactate, core temperature. • Coach feel. • Swimmer feel. • Monitoring Recovery • Warm-down (lactate / heart rate) • Nutrition • Other (ice bath, sleep, etc)