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PRIMATES

Chapter 43: Section 4. PRIMATES. Include prosimians, apes, monkeys and human. Primate Characteristics. Generalist Teeth (herbivorous and omnivorous teeth). Large brain parts relative to size. Communication (broad range of expression and sounds). Acute Color Vision (binocular vision,

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PRIMATES

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  1. Chapter 43: Section 4 PRIMATES • Include prosimians, apes, monkeys and human

  2. Primate Characteristics Generalist Teeth (herbivorous and omnivorous teeth) Large brain parts relative to size Communication (broad range of expression and sounds) Acute Color Vision (binocular vision, depth perception) Infant Care (attention to young, mammary glands) Social Organization (groups with complex behaviors among members.) Characteristic skeletal structure (sit upright, cling) Manual Dexterity (opposable thumbs, Flattened nails for Protection)

  3. Prosimians • Most primitive primates “pre-monkeys” • Nocturnal • Sensitive vision • Complex tactile hairs • Large, movable ears • Strong sense of smell • Developed hand control • Tropical woodlands • Most are endangered • VIDEO CLIP

  4. Flat nosed Nostrils far apart and open to the side No cheek pouches No buttock pads Thumb lies in line with other digits Arboreal habitats Small to medium sized Down-facing nose Nostrils close together and open downward or forward Prominent buttock pads that they sit on Tails, but not used for grasping/holding Thumb is rotated and more opposable Wide range of habitats Generally larger MonkeysNew World vs Old World

  5. Old World Monkeys: RED New World Monkeys: Orange

  6. Usually larger and heavier • No tail • More upright body posture • Broad chest • Rely on vision rather than smell • Large brain to body size ratio • *a few exceptions to these rules

  7. GREAT APES • Orangutans, Chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas, bonobos and human • Family Hominidae • Face is almost naked • Round ears • No cheek pouches • Thumb is shorter than fingers • Distinguish color • Wide range of vocalizations and facial expressions • *at DNA level, human is more related to chimp, than a chimp is related to a gorilla

  8. Anthropoids • Monkeys, apes, humans • Adaptations • Rotating shoulder and elbow joints • Opposable thumb • Grasping feet (nonhuman) • More complex brain structure • Larger brain relative to body • Similar dental formula red bald-headed uakari

  9. Hominids • Include: humans and extinct humanlike anthropoid species • Bipedalism: ability to walk upright • Why? • Adaptations • Bowl-shaped human pelvis to support internal organs • Spine curves in an S shape-allows for upright posture • Toes are aligned with each other and shorter than apes

  10. Australopithecus anamensis • Found 1995, Mary Leakey • Kenya • Similar to Chimpanzee but bipedal • 4.2 mya • Oldest known member of genus

  11. Australopithecus afarensis(Lucy) • 1974 • Afar Valley of N. Ethiopia • Most complex and best preserved skeleton of prehuman hominid • 3.2 mya

  12. Australopithecus africanus • Southern Africa • 2.3 - 3 mya • Taller/heavier than Lucy • Slightly larger brain capacity • Skull • Spinal cord opening bottom

  13. Australopithecus robustus • Southern Africa • Large teeth and jaws • Different lineage than Lucy Australopithecus boisei • Eastern Africa • Boney ridge on crest of head • Anchor large jaw muscles • 2 mya

  14. Homo habilis • “handy-man” • 1960s, East Africa • Stone tools • Body not much taller than Lucy • 4 ft tall • 2 mya

  15. Homo erectus • “upright human” • “Java man” • Thicker skull, larger brow ridges • Lower forehead • Large, protruding teeth • 5 ft tall • Crude tools and fire • Hunted and cooked • Lived in tribes of 20-50

  16. Homo neaderthalensis • Europe and Asia • 230,000 - 30,000 yrs ago • Heavy bones • Thick brows • Protruding jaws • Lived in caves • Stone scraper tools • Care for dead • Not sure what caused extinction

  17. Homo sapiens • Appeared in Africa • 1st discovery in Cro-Magnon cave in France (Cro-Magnons) • Hunted • Complex patterns of social organization • Sophisticated language • tools

  18. How did Homo sapiens occupy the entire globe? • Multi-Regional Hypothesis • Archaic form of humans left Africa 1-2 mya • Modern humans evolved from them independently and simultaneously in pockets of Africa, Europe and Asia • Out of Africa Hypothesis • Modern humans evolved in Africa and then left in several waves of migration • Replacing any earlier species

  19. Dr. Spencer Wells • Found genetic evidence, based on thousands of DNA samples taken across the world, that shows that all humans alive today have descended from a single man who lived in Africa some 60,000 years ago • Y-Adam “We are all Africans under our skin”

  20. Y Chromosome • Develop genetic markers • As inherited, they are passed down through generations, forming a complex story that can be traced backwards in time • Each son has inherited the marker • Find the point at which it first occurred…most recent common ancestor

  21. Exodus began 60,000 - 50,000 years ago

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