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The Civil War Era

The Civil War Era. Unit Overview (1844-1877). Big Picture.

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The Civil War Era

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  1. The Civil War Era Unit Overview (1844-1877)

  2. Big Picture The thirst for territorial expansion in the 1840s epitomized Manifest Destiny in the United States. Diplomacy, border disputes, annexation, and cession defined this decade and more importantly rekindled the sectional fires of 1820. The flames of the 1840s would be much harder to extinguish however, and grew like a crescendo over the following decade…a crisis was impending.

  3. The Democrats and Expansion • Election of 1844 • Question: Land acquisition • Whig—Henry Clay • Democrat—Martin Van Buren? • James K. Polk • Dark horse • Supported expansion • Wins nomination • Polk wins: 170—105 • Liberty party • Swings NY

  4. Polk’s “Must” List • The Walker Tariff (1846) • Reduces tariff of 1842 to 25% • Successful • Reenacting the Independent Treasury • Accomplished in 1846 • Acquisition of California • Settling the Oregon dispute • Hudson Bay Company—influence waning

  5. California • Population (1845) • 13,000 Mexicans • Several western Indian tribes • 75,000 natives • Americans • Whaling ships traded in port • Merchants • Pioneers—Sacramento Valley • Polk tries to purchase • John Slidell + 25 million • Mexico rejects offer • New Mexico • Trade routes Americanized communities • Another Texas?

  6. Expansion • Texas and Oregon • Texas: 1845 • Annexed by John Tyler • Polk’s election mandate • Oregon: 54’ 40” or fight! • British territory dispute • War? • Polk offers 49th parallel • 15 June 1846

  7. The Mexican War • Border dispute in Texas • U.S.-Mexican diplomatic relations • Rio Grande v. Nueces River • Zachary Taylor and troops • Congress declares war: 13 May 1846 • Opposition and critics • Whigs • “Spotty” Lincoln • Oregon!

  8. Battle Tactics • Taylor’s offensive • Monterrey to Mexico City? • Polk’s conundrum • Stephen W. Kearny • Santa Fe • Bear Flag Revolt • John C Frémont • Winfield Scott • Vera Cruz to Mexico City • Checkmate!

  9. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • 02 February 1848 • Nicholas P. Trist • CA and NM to U.S. • Rio Grande border • U.S. assumes debt to Mexicans • Pays $15 million to Mexico • Extreme factions of expansion vote against the treaty.

  10. Slavery and the Territories • The Wilmot Proviso (1846) • David Wilmot (PA) • Outlaws slavery in Mexican Cession • Fails to pass the Senate • Property rights

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