1 / 69

Today’s topics

Today’s topics. -cell building blocks (proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates) -cell structure (plant vs . animal) -cells and herbivory. Building Blocks of Life. Protons (positive charge), electrons (negative charge), & neutrons (neutral charge) are building blocks of atoms

nolen
Download Presentation

Today’s topics

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Today’s topics -cell building blocks (proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates) -cell structure (plant vs. animal) -cells and herbivory

  2. Building Blocks of Life • Protons (positive charge), electrons (negative charge), & neutrons (neutral charge) are building blocks of atoms • Atoms are building blocks of elements (the most basic “substances”) • Atoms = smallest part of a element that retains the element’s traits • 92 natural elements • Living organisms mostly: C,O,H,N,P,K,Ca,Mg,S, with lesser amounts of Fe,Cl, Mn, Zn, B, Cu, Mo, etc. • Atoms held together with chemical bonds • E.g., covalent, ionic, hydrogen • Elements are building blocks of molecules (made from one or more atoms) and compounds (made from one or more elements)

  3. Figure 1.7

  4. Figure 1.8a

  5. Figure 1.8b

  6. The processes of life are based on the chemical nature and interactions of: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids • Secondary metabolites/compounds

  7. Carbohydrates • Comprised mostly of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O), in the proportion (CH2O)n (where n = 3-7 for simple sugars) • Many functions; e.g., fuel, storage, structural, signaling • Simple sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose = monosaccharides) to complex macromolecules (cellulose, glycogen, starch = polysaccharides)

  8. Figure 1.9

  9. Lipids • Comprised mostly of C & H (so often called hydrocarbons) • Insoluble in water • Several major classes (fats & oils = triglycerides; phospholipids; fatty acids; sterols, e.g. cholesterol; waxes) • Many functions (e.g., energy/storage, structural, signaling/hormones)

  10. Proteins • Comprised of amino acids (AAs) • Chain of amino acids = oligo- or poly-peptide, cause amino acids held together by covalent peptide bonds • Polypeptides (one or more) make proteins/enzymes; oligo-peptides common signaling molecules • AAs built from C,H,O,N, and sometimes S • 20 common AAs used for most proteins

  11. Figure 1.10

  12. Figure 1.11

  13. Nucleic Acids • Comprised of nucleotide building blocks containing C,H,O,N,P • Nucleotides contain a sugar (ribose, for RNA, or deoxyribose for DNA), phosphate (PO4), and nitrogenous base (5 kinds) • Arranged in long chains in DNA (double helix) and some RNA (single chain), or in other shapes • Major function is storage and expression of genetic code (DNA,RNA) and energy (ATP)

  14. Figure 1.13

  15. All living organisms share certain characteristics • growth and reproduction • ability to respond • ability to evolve and adapt • metabolism • organized structure • organic composition

  16. Cell theory • Cell is basic unit of life • Organisms are composed of cells • Cells arise from pre-existing cells

  17. Figure 27.1  The three major lineages of life Nucleus Membrane-bound organelles

  18. Have a nuclear envelope DNA double-stranded Have 2+ chromosomes Have membrane-bound organelles Have asexual reprdn by mitosis Have sex by fusion No nuclear envelope Have single strand of DNA No chromosomes No organelles Asexual reproduction by fission No sexual reproduction Types of cellseukaryotes vs. prokaryotes

  19. Figure 2-6

  20. Fig. 5.10a

  21. Fig. 19.1

  22. Mitosis in a plant cell

  23. Mitosis in an onion root

  24. Cytokinesis in animal and plant cells

  25. Fig. 5.22

More Related