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Guide to the Ancient World History

Guide to the Ancient World History. I. History and Historiography. 1. Introduction History Broadest Sense: is the totality of all past events; limited Sense: is the known past. Historiography: The written record of What is known of human lives and societies in the past;

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Guide to the Ancient World History

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  1. Guide to the Ancient World History

  2. I. History and Historiography • 1. Introduction • History • Broadest Sense: is the totality of all past events; • limited Sense: is the known past. • Historiography: The written record of • What is known of human lives and societies in the past; • How historians have attempted to understand them. • Historian: • To collect and record facts about the human past; • To discover new facts.

  3. I. History and Historiography • 2. Sources and Facts • Sources • Testimony from living witnesses; • Narrative records • Previous histories • Memoirs • Letters • Imaginative literature;

  4. I. History and Historiography • 2. Sources and Facts • Sources • Testimony from living witnesses; • The legal and financial records of courts, legislatures, religious institutions, or businesses; • The unwritten information derived from the physical remains of past civilizations • Architecture • Arts • Crafts • Burial Grounds • Cultivated Land.

  5. I. History and Historiography • 2. Sources and Facts • Sources • Evidence & Facts • Sources provide the evidence • To decipher facts from the evidence

  6. I. History and Historiography • 3. Interpretation and Form • Interpretation • Selection, arrangement, and explanation of historical facts • Selection of a subject • Historiography and Literary Art

  7. II. Civilizations • 1. Definition: a developed or advanced state of human society • 2. Description • People live in urban centers • People have productive survival, such as agriculture and smelting metals • People have live in the complex political, economic and social structure, under religious and law abiding • People have developed a method of writing in all meanings of the word

  8. III. Why Study Ancient World Cultures? • 1. A part of a tradition of intellectual development • 2. To Open Our Mind • We must always guard against the assumption that other people think as we do -- or that they should. Reading about ancient cultures is thus reading about other people whose lives were surely different from our own. These differences may help us better to see -- and know -- the limits of our culture and the limits of our language and experience. • A culture includes both the dominant tradition and its transgression

  9. IV. Prehistory • 1. Time before written records appeared • 2. The Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age • 3. The nature and events of prehistory can be reconstructed through archaeology

  10. V. Stone Age • 1. Introduction • Definition: Stone as the principal raw material for tools • 2 500 000 million - 5 000 years ago • Distinguish between human and other animals: stone tool-making and tool-using • Beginning of the Stone Age

  11. V. Stone Age • 2. Study of the Stone Age • The Origin of the Term "Stone Age"

  12. V. Stone Age • 2. Study of the Stone Age • The Origin of the Term "Stone Age" • General Concepts • Anthropology and Archaelolgy • Stone Artifact • Artifact: Objects that have been modified by human action, either intentionally or unintentionally. • Tool: Something that has been used by a human for some purpose. • Human Evolution • Genus Homo and Genus Australopithecus • Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis, Homo erectus, Homo Neandertals, Homo sapiens

  13. V. Stone Age • 2. Study of the Stone Age • The Origin of the Term "Stone Age" • General Concepts • Stone Age Tool-making Technology • Techniques • Core, Flakes, Retouched Piece, Hammer-stone

  14. V. Stone Age • 2. Study of the Stone Age • The Origin of the Term "Stone Age" • General Concepts • Stone Age Tool-making Technology • Techniques • Core, Flakes, Retouched Piece, Hammer-stone • Industry

  15. V. Stone Age • 3. Divisions of the Stone Age • Paleolithic: Old Stone Age, the stage in which stone tools were flaked. • Mesolithic: Middle Stone Age, the period is characterized by the creation of implements. • Neolithic: New Stone Age, the stage in which ground and polished stone tools became prevalent.

  16. V. Stone Age • 4. Lower Paleolithic • Date: 2 500 000 - 200 000 year ago • Oldowan Industry • Stone Artifacts

  17. Oldowan Tools

  18. Oldowan Toolmaking

  19. V. Stone Age • 4. Lower Paleolithic • Date: 2 500 000 - 200 000 year ago • Oldowan Industry • Stone Artifacts • Other Tools • Sites • Hominids: Homo erectus • Daily Life • To live near water sources • To transport stone several kilometers to other sites • To Process Animals Carcass

  20. V. Stone Age • 4. Lower Paleolithic • Date: 2 500 000 - 200 000 year ago • Oldowan Industry • Stone Artifacts • Other Tools • Sites • Hominids: Homo erectus • Daily Life • Food • Meat from animal carcasses • Hunting smaller animals • Plant foods

  21. V. Stone Age • 4. Lower Paleolithic • Date: 2 500 000 - 200 000 year ago • Oldowan Industry • Acheulean Industry • Acheulean hand axe

  22. Early Acheulean Handaxe

  23. Late Acheulean Handaxe

  24. V. Stone Age • 4. Lower Paleolithic • Date: 2 500 000 - 200 000 year ago • Oldowan Industry • Acheulean Industry • Acheulean hand axe • Oval-shaped form, Bifacial Flaking, Soft-hammer Technique • Not to replace Oldowan tools entirely • Most of sites in Africa, Europe and western Asia, few in East Asia • Sites • Hunting • Fire

  25. V. Stone Age • 5. Middle Paleolithic (ca. 200,000-30,000 years ago) • Levallois Produced Tools • Neandertals

  26. Neandertal Bones

  27. Neandertal and Modern Human Skulls

  28. V. Stone Age • 5. Middle Paleolithic (ca. 200,000-30,000 years ago) • Levallois Produced Tools • Neandertals • Sites • Germany: Neander Valley • Iraq: Shānidār • Israel: Tabun, Amud • China: Dali, Maba • South Africa: Florisbad

  29. V. Stone Age • 5. Middle Paleolithic (ca. 200,000-30,000 years ago) • Levallois Produced Tools • Neandertals • Sites • Hunting • Dailylife • Fire use and Fire-making • Evidence of housing • Hominids’ Spread: Australia, by 40,000 years ago • Culture: burials, ornaments

  30. V. Stone Age • 6. Upper Paleolithic (c.a. 40,000 – 10,000 years ago) • Characteristics of Upper Paleolithic • Stone Artifacts • Human’s Spread: American Continents (12,000-10,000 years ago) • Cro-Magnon Man

  31. V. Stone Age • 6. Upper Paleolithic (c.a. 40,000 – 10,000 years ago, Paleo-Indian Period, Later Stone Age) • Characteristics of Upper Paleolithic • Innovations of the Upper Paleolithic • Tools • Tools of bone, antler and ivory • Lamps • Bow and arrow • Composite technology • Hunting and gathering

  32. Mammoth Hunt

  33. V. Stone Age • 6. Upper Paleolithic (c.a. 40,000 – 10,000 years ago, Paleo-Indian Period, Later Stone Age) • Characteristics of Upper Paleolithic • Innovations of the Upper Paleolithic • Upper Paleolithic Culture • Housing: hut or tent • Trade and transport • Burial • Upper Paleolithic Art

  34. Cave Painting

  35. Cave Artin southeastern France

  36. V. Stone Age • 7. Mesolithic (ca 10,000 – 7,000 years ago) • Foodstuffs • Technological Innovations

  37. Stone Point for Making Spears

  38. Jōmon Pottery

  39. V. Stone Age • 8. Neolithic (ca 9,000 – 5,000 years ago) • Revolution in the history of human • More permanent settlements • Much Larger Populations • Accumulation of surpluses and wealth • Development of more profound status and rank differences within populations • Rise of specialized crafts

  40. V. Stone Age • 8. Neolithic (ca 9,000 – 5,000 years ago) • Revolution in the history of human • Tool-making • Blade and bladelet technologies • Ground and polished axes • Grinding Stones for the Processing of Cereal Foods • Use of Pottery for Surplus Food Storage and Cooking • Construction of Granaries for Storage of Grains • Use of Plant for Textile • Weaving Technology

  41. V. Stone Age • 8. Neolithic (ca 9,000 – 5,000 years ago) • Revolution in the history of human • Tool-making • The Rise of Farming • The reasons of farming • Population pressure or changes in environment • Region where it was relatively easy to domesticate wild plants and animals • Function of social change

  42. V. Stone Age • 8. Neolithic (ca 9,000 – 5,000 years ago) • Revolution in the history of human • Tool-making • The Rise of Farming • The reasons of farming • Crops • Near East: wheat, barley, legumes, grapes, and olives • China: millet and rice • Africa: millet, African rice, and yams • Southeast Asia: Rice, bananas, coconuts, and yams • Americas: corn, squash, beans, potatoes, peppers, sunflowers

  43. V. Stone Age • 8. Neolithic (ca 9,000 – 5,000 years ago) • Revolution in the history of human • Tool-making • The Rise of Farming • The reasons of farming • Crops • Domesticated animals • Eurasia: dogs, sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, chickens, ducks, and water buffalo • Americas: dogs, turkeys, llamas, alpacas • Africa: cattle, sheep, and goats • Architectural developments

  44. V. Stone Age • 8. Neolithic (ca 9,000 – 5,000 years ago) • Revolution in the history of human • Tool-making • The Rise of Farming • Neolithic Social Change • Wealth for some individuals • Social differentiation • Trade between different areas • More complex social organization

  45. V. Stone Age • 9. The End of the Stone Age • Metal tools: copper, Bronze • The rise of the earliest state societies and civilizations

  46. VI. Bronze Age • 1. Bronze Age, the time in the development of any human culture, when most tools and weapons were made of bronze. • 2. Bronze came into use, and was again replaced by iron, at different times in different parts of the world. • Middle East: 4500 BC • Asia Minor: 3000 BC • Greece: 3000 BC • China: 1800 BC • Americas: AD 1000

  47. VII. Iron Age • Iron Age, period in the development of any culture, when iron was commonly used for making tools and weapons.

  48. What are the reasons for the late beginning of agriculture? • What forced the change to agriculture between 10,000 and 2,000 years ago?

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