Research Paper

1. Research Paper Arguments Premises Fallacies Take Notes!

2. Most academic writing tasks require you to make an argument: to present reasons for a particular claim or interpretation you are putting forward. • Learning to make the best arguments you can is an ongoing process • "Being logical" is something anyone can do, with practice! Arguments

3. Each argument you make is composed of premises (this is a term for statements that express your reasons or evidence) that are arranged in the right way to support your conclusion (the main claim or interpretation you are offering). • You can make your arguments stronger by • Using good premises (true and relevant to the issue at hand) • Making sure your premises provide good support for your conclusion (not some other conclusion, or no conclusion at all) • Checking that you have addressed the most important or relevant aspects of the issue (that is, that your premises and conclusion focus on what is really important to the issue you're arguing about) • Not making claims that are so strong or sweeping that you can't really support them. Premises

4. You also need to be sure that you present all of your ideas in an orderly fashion that readers can follow. • When arguments fail to do the things listed previously, these failings are called fallacies. • (Holes in your argument) Fallacies (we will look closely at these next class)

5. Reliable Sources Should you trust Wikipedia?

6. Critical readingis a big part of understanding argument you are reading. • Although some of the material you read will be very persuasive, do not fall under the spell of the printed word as authority. • When you read, ask yourself:"What is the author trying to prove?" and "What is the author assuming I will agree with?" • Do you agree with the author? Does the author adequately defend her argument? What kind of proof does she use? Is there something she leaves out that you would put in? Does putting it in hurt her argument? Critical Reading

7. Analyzing the Author’s Argument • Analyzing the argument gets to the heart of a critical approach to your sources. While this task may seem daunting at first, here are some tips and techniques you can learn to make it easier. • Is the information supported by evidence? What kinds of sources did the author use? Does the bibliography mention the important books in the field? • What is the major claim or thesis of the book or article? Is it clear what the author is trying to prove? • What are the primary assumptions on which the author bases the argument's main claim? Do you agree with those assumptions? Is the author taking too much liberty in making those assumptions? Author’s Argument

8. Tone: The tone of a source is how the author represents himself or herself through language. • Strong and impassioned language may indicate to you that the author is too emotionally connected to the work to provide an objective analysis. • Most academic authors try to appear impartial in their writing by always writing in the third person and staying away from loaded adjectives. • Does the author's language seem impartial to you? Are wild claims made? Is a lot of emotional language used? • Does the author remain focused on the argument? Does he or she jump from point to point without completing any thoughts? • Does the author seem objective? Is a specific agenda put forth through the selection of data or the manipulation of evidence? Author’s Tone