1 / 53

OB Emergencies for Dummies

(Not so). OB Emergencies for Dummies. Goals/Objectives. Collegial sharing of lessons learned Checklists; what works OB checklists: what’s out there AF attempt at standardized protocols Drugs and dosages commonly used in some emergency situations

nona
Download Presentation

OB Emergencies for Dummies

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. (Not so) OB Emergencies for Dummies Presenters: Maj Karin Van Doren, Maj Niki Kamboris & Capt Gretchen Waldvogel

  2. Goals/Objectives • Collegial sharing of lessons learned • Checklists; what works • OB checklists: what’s out there • AF attempt at standardized protocols • Drugs and dosages commonly used in some emergency situations • TeamSTEPP principles in communications & drills

  3. CHECKLISTSGeneral background info • 30 Oct 1935: Test flight of Boeing’s Model 299 Maj Hill, expert pilot…Fiery crash; deaths due to “pilot error”— “too much airplane for one man to fly”. • 2001: Peter Pronovost: central line placement "Safe Patients, Smart Hospitals” (2010). • Dr AtulGawande (2007) Classic Article “The Checklist” (2009) The Checklist Manifesto: How to Get Things Right (book)

  4. Effective Checklists & Strategiesfrom Aviation to Medicine • Checklists are focused, unambiguous, succinct • No unintended consequences from checklist use • Evidence based, discrete tasks identified • Team work training, improve communication--Time outs/pt hand-offs • Non punitive incident reporting • Standardization • Simulator training

  5. ChecklistsWhat they can’t solve • Errors due to lack of skills, training or experience • Checklists can standardize behavior but not “attention” • Practice issues when there is no established “gold standard” • Support/cultural change when Leadership is not engaged

  6. The original Pronovovst “checklist”for central line placement Based on CDC recommendations: • Wash hands • Use full-barrier precautions (drape pt from head to toe) • Clean skin with chlorhexidine • Avoid use of femoral site, if possible • Remove any unnecessary catheters

  7. Success aided by: • Involvement from the top down: senior executives of health care system requested participation in study • “Daily goal sheets” implemented to improve clinician-to-clinician communication • Comprehensive unit –based safety program: assisted by patient safety/infection control depts • At least one MD and one RN team led each new step

  8. Success… • Terminology standardized—NNIS (Nat’l Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System/CDC) definition of catheter-related blood stream infection used • Exact definition of central catheter, which could include a central catheter which was peripherally inserted • Defined “catheter day” so time of indwelling catheters would match

  9. Post Partum Hemorrhage • Rate of maternal death by PPH increased 26 – 28% since 1994: uterine atony not explained by increased rates of c/s, VBAC, maternal age, multiple birth, HTN, diabetes Callaghan (2010) Bateman (2010) • Maternal deaths tripled between 1996-2006 (CMQCC) • Nationwide, blood transfusions increased 92% during deliveries between ‘97-’05 Kuklina (2009) • Aviano: Sentinel event

  10. Changes of pregnancy • Maternal blood volume  50%; plasma volume more than RBC vol: slight hgb/hct -fulfills perfusion demands of low-resistance uteroplacental unit, reserve for blood loss Coagulation system: Increase in clotting factors/decrease fibrolytic activity Uterine ctx: crisscrossing muscle bundles, occlude, contract, retract following expulsion of placenta: living ligature/physiologic sutures

  11. Can we have an effective checklist? • Response to PPH is reactive not proactive • There is no established “Gold Standard” for PREVENTION of PPH • There is no one consensus for management of PPH, but many avenues • Triggers: Response based on clinical appearance (it may be too late…) • IN US clinically accepted >500 ml (vag) 1000 ml (c/s) Does not take into account initial volume status, arbitrary, may be clinically irrelevant to hemodynamic compromise (CMQCC)

  12. Current recommendations • “Known” risk factors: 39% of cases had one or more: Numerically, more women die with no known risk factors WHO, ACOG, SGOC recommendations (1A): • InjectableOxytocin by skilled provider. 10 mu IM or 20 mu+ IV in IVF after delivery of anterior shoulder

  13. Recommendations • Objective quantification of blood loss: Graduated collection containers, weigh blood soaked chux/pads (CMQCC, WHO) • Vital sign triggers (NHS, CMQCC) • If it isn’t working, don’t waste time…move on (CMQCC) • After 2 units PRBC start FFP then 1RBC:1FFP:1 PLT (CMQCC, Iraq theatre: Borgman, M. )

  14. NHS Triggers • RR (red) < 10 > 30 • RR (Amber) 21-29 • O2 sat less than 95% (red) • T greater than 38 C (red) • Pulse (red) > 120 <40 • P (Amber) > 100 <50 • Pain 2-3 (red) but not 2-3/10: 2 means moderate, 3 severe pain • SBP >170 <80 (red) • >160 < 90 (amber) • DBP >110 (red) • > 100 ( amber) • DBP No lower limit • No uterine tone

  15. CMQCC Triggers • EBL > 500 ml or hemodynamic instability (vag) • HR ≥ 110 • BP ≤ 85/45 or noted > 15% drop • 02 sat < 95%

  16. Current AF triggers Calculate MAP every 15 min for first 6 hours ; Want MAP > 65 mmHG MAP = (2x DBP) + SBP 120/80 = MAP of 93 3 Or SBP-DBP = x , then x ÷ 3, then add that number to DBP RR first trigger

  17. Emergency OB Medications Capt Gretchen Waldvogel

  18. Uterotonic Agents • Oxytocin (Pitocin) • Methylergonovine (Methergine) • Carboprost (Hemabate) • Misoprostol (Cytotec)

  19. Oxytocin **First line treatment for PP Hemorrhage Action: Stimulates the upper uterine segment of the myometrium to contract rhythmically, constricts spiral arteries and decreases blood flow to uterus. Dose: 10mu injected Intramuscularly or 20-60mu in 1000ml

  20. Methergine • Action: Causes smooth muscle contraction in upper/lower uterine segments • Dose: 0.2mg IM, may be repeated PRN every two to four hours or Intrauterine by MD • Contraindicated in pts with Pre-Eclampsia or Hypertension because it causes raised blood pressure • Adverse Effects: nausea and vomiting

  21. Hemabate • Action: Enhances uterine contractility and causes vasoconstriction • Dose: 0.25mg intramuscularly or Intrauterine by provider, can be repeated every 15 min for a total dose of 2mg • Contraindicated in pts with Asthma, Cardiac disease • Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, DIARRHEA, hypertension, and flushing • Consider Immodium therapy as countermeasure

  22. Cytotec • Action: Increases uterine tone and decreases postpartum bleeding • Dose: 200mcg-1000mcg sublingually, orally, vaginally, or rectally • **Recommended 1000mcg rectally • Side Effects: Shivering, pyrexia, and diarrhea • ** Not approved by FDA for this indication

  23. Magnesium Sulfate Hypertensive Disorder

  24. Magnesium Sulfate • Action: Acts peripherally to produce vasodilation • Dose: Adjusted for situation, Loading VS. Maintenance dose • ---Can be given IM if no IV access • Side Effects: Flushing, sweating, nausea, fatigue, hypotension, CNS depression, depressed reflexes and respiratory effort

  25. Safety Issues • ** Use pre-mixed preparations from the pharmacy • ---Compatible with LR or NS • All doses given should be on IV pump and Buretrol/Volutrol should be used • For all boluses, set VTBI at 100ml • Total IV intake should be 125ml/hr unless otherwise ordered by MD

  26. Hypertension Box Aids • Labetalol • Hydralazine Hydrochloride • Diazepam (Valium) • Calcium Gluconate 10%

  27. Labetalol • Use multidose vial 100mg/20ml (5mg/ml) • Compatible with LR, NS, D5LR, D5W, D5 1/4NS Give IVP over 2 min Take B/P every 5 min Initial dose usually 20mg with increasing doses of 40-80mg every 10min until max dose of 300mg Doses using 100mg/20ml vial: -20mg ordered: give 4ml -40 mg ordered: give 8ml -80mg ordered: give 16ml

  28. Hydralazine Use 20mg/ml single use vial Dose is 5mg (0.25ml) Compatible with LR, NS Give IVP over 1min, SLOW IVP Take B/P every 5min Initial dose done, then wait 20min before giving next dose, onset of action is 10-20min Repeat doses 5mg (0.25ml) to 10mg (0.50ml) every 20min up to total dose of 20mg If giving 10mg dose(0.50ml) give slowly over at least 2 min DO NOT GIVE HYDRALAZINE IN THE SAME IV LINE AS MAGNESIUM SULFATE (Either turn off the Magnesium Sulfate and flush the line or start a second IV)

  29. Diazepam Use 10mg/2ml Tubex (5mg/ml) **Turn off Magnesium Sulfate Infusion and Disconnect From IV** Compatibility: give directly into IV at closest port to patient. Not recommended to mix with any solution. Has variable stability in NS, LR, and D5W Give 5mg/ml over at least 1 min May repeat doses in 10 min up to a dose of 20mg (Minimum of 10 min wait time)

  30. Calcium Gluconate 10% Use 10ml single use vial containing 100mg/ml (1 GM total dose) **Discontinue Magnesium Sulfate Infusion and Disconnect From IV** Compatible with LR, NS, D5LR, D10W, D5NS, D5W Give Slowly, Use Entire Vial Give at rate of 2ml/min OR Give the entire dose over 3 to 5 min Patient should be hooked up to an EKG if able- Especially if you need to repeat doses Stop After 3 Doses OR 3 GM

  31. Team STEPPS PrinciplesinCommunication/Drills/Lessons Learned

  32. Why use Team Stepps? • Goal: Produce highly effective medical teams that optimize the use of information, people and resources to achieve the best clinical outcomes. • Teams of individuals who communicate effectively and back each other up dramatically reduce the consequences of human error

  33. PUTTING Team STEPPS IN ACTION • MOES (Mobile Obstetric Emergency Simulator) - simulated various scenarios (breech, stat c/s, shoulder dystocia, PPH, NRP, etc) - various “issues” or areas for improvement brought to light - continued drills, repetition strengthened use of Team Stepps principles

  34. MOES TRAINING FEEDBACKS • COMMUNICATION ISSUES: • overhead paging system, call phones, training day?, who is in charge?, communication with clinic to L&D staff • SBAR vital to role clarity, proper hand-off and situational awareness • Closed-loop communication promotes understanding of order, report, etc. • Shared mental model promotes universal understanding of the scenario and what’s needed

  35. MOES TRAINING FEEDBACKS, cont’d • LOGISTICAL ISSUES: • lack of standardization with supplies, medication access, knowledge of use of equipment, code blue vs. rapid response • Creation of emergency med boxes, med cards and algorithms binder • Standardized location of supplies in all LDR’s • Re-trained on use of equipment not consistently utilized • Revision of code blue MDGI with addition of RRT (Rapid Response Team)

  36. MOES TRAINING FEEDBACKS, cont’d • MOTIVATION: staff motivation level high • increased occurrence/depth of training scenarios raises awareness of areas of self-improvement, empowers staff • Positive feedback on what we did well (debriefs) • Builds teamwork, rely on strengths of each member • Leadership supportive- makes changes when identified to promote patient safety

More Related