The Worldwide Graphic Language for Design

1. The Worldwide Graphic Language for Design Chapter 1

2. Objectives • Describe the role of drawings in the design process • Contrast concurrent versus traditional design processes • List five professions that use technical drawings

3. Objectives (cont.) • Describe four creativity techniques • Explain why standards are important • Identify uses of the graphic language

4. Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings • Drawings and specifications control details of: • Product manufacture • Assembly • Maintenance • Technical drawings require use of standards to communicate worldwide

5. Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings • Technical drawings can take many forms including: • Idea or concept sketches • Computation sketches • Design sketches • Layout drawings • Part drawings

6. Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings • Technical drawing forms (cont.) • Working or construction drawings • Electrical drawings • Installation drawings • Assembly drawings

7. Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings • Technical drawings typically serve one of three purposes: • Visualization • Communication • Documentation

8. Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings • A wide variety of professions use technical drawings to communicate and document designs including: • Civil engineering • Mechanical engineering • Electrical engineering • Landscape design • Landscape architecture

9. Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings • Professions that use technical drawings (cont.) • Industrial design • Construction engineering and technology • Patternmaking • Project management • Fabrication and manufacturing

10. Artistic & Technical Drawings • Graphic representation has developed along two distinct lines: • Artistic • Technical

11. Artistic & Technical Drawings • Before other communication methods developed, people informed themselves through visual means including pictures • From earliest recorded history, drawings have been used to represent the design of objects to be built or constructed

12. Artistic & Technical Drawings • Personal or cultural expression in design is often referred to as aesthetic design • Enhancing product development is considered functional design • Aesthetics and function can work hand in hand to create appealing and functional products

13. The Design Process • The organized and orderly approach to solving problems is known as the design process • The engineering design process addresses society’s needs, desires, and problems by applying scientific principles, experience and creativity

14. The Design Process • Different types of technical drawings, from hand sketches to CAD models, have specific functions in the engineering design process • The procedure for designing products typically follows a process

15. The Design Process • Stages of the design process include: • Problem identification • Ideation • Refinement/analysis • Implementation/documentation

16. The DesignProcess

17. The Design Process • Ideally, the design moves through these stages but it may be necessary to return to a previous stage and repeat the process

18. Concurrent Engineering • Traditionally, design and manufacturing activities have taken place in sequential order • Although this is a logical approach, in practice it can often be wasteful • Concurrent engineering is a systematic approach that integrates the design and manufacture of products with the goal of optimizing the process

19. Concurrent Engineering

20. Concurrent Engineering • Life cycle design means that all aspects of a product are considered simultaneously • These aspects include: • Design • Development • Production • Distribution • Use • Disposal and recycling

21. Concurrent Engineering • The basic goals of concurrent engineering are: • Minimize product design and engineering changes • Reduce time and cost involved in taking a product from design concept to production then introduction to the marketplace • Communication between disciplines is especially important in this process

22. Computer-Aided Design and Product Development • Product design often involves preparing analytical and physical models of the product • These models are used to study factors such as forces, stresses, deflections, and optimal part shape

23. Computer-Aided Design and Product Development • The process of constructing and studying analytical models can be simplified by using: • Computer-aided design (CAD) • Computer-aided engineering (CAE) • Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)

24. Designing Quality Into Products • Quality may be designed into a product in any number of systematic ways including: • DFSS – Design for Six Sigma • DMAIC – Define Measure Analyze Improve Control • Six Sigma • QFD – Quality Function Deployment

25. The Digital Database • All the information to manage, design, analyze, simulate, package, market and manufacture a product can be shared with users through a single complex digital database

26. The Digital Database • Systems that electronically store the various types of data associated with design and manufacturing include: • PDM – product data management • EDM – enterprise data management

27. The Digital Database • Engineering change orders (ECOs), costs, and product revisions can be quickly analyzed, tracked, and implemented using PDM or EDM systems

28. Engineering Design Stages • Engineering Design Stage 1 • Identify the customer and the problem • Engineering Design Stage 2 • Generate concepts – this is often called the ideation stage • Engineering Design Stage 3 • Compromise solutions

29. Engineering Design Stages • Engineering Design Stage 4 • Models and prototypes • Parametric, constraint-based, or feature-based models use dimensions and constraints that create “intelligent” models • As designs are modified, the model can be updated and new models do not have to be created • Rapid prototyping • Allows parts to be created quickly and directly from 3D models

30. Engineering Design Stages • Engineering Design Stage 5 • Production or Working drawings • The drawings show: • Necessary views • Material • Dimensions • Required tolerances • Notes • Other information to sufficiently describe a part for manufacture

31. Drafting Standards • Standards are necessary to support a uniform, effective, graphic language that can be used in industry, manufacturing, engineering, and science

32. Drafting Standards • Groups in the United States who provide standards include: • ANSI – the American National Standards Institute • ASEE – the American Society for Engineering Education • SAE – the Society of Automotive Engineers • ASME – the American Society of Mechanical Engineers

33. Drafting Standards • International standards are often defined by the following groups: • ISO – International Standards Organization • ASME • ANSI

34. Creativity Techniques • Examine manufactured products • Reverse engineering • Functional decomposition • Study the natural world • Watch the Web • Research patent drawings • Design groups

35. Product Definition • Product definition is the range of digital or hard copy documents that specify the physical function requirements for a product • This can range from a 3D CAD model that specifies manufacturing requirements within the CAD file to a dimensioned paper sketch

36. Product Definition