Unveiling the Truth: Scientific Attitude & Myth

1. JEOPARDY PSYCH 105 FINAL EXAM

2. 100 100 100 100 100 200 200 200 200 200 300 300 300 300 300 400 400 400 400 400 500 500 500 500 500 UNVEILING THE TRUTH BREAKING THROUGH THE BREAKTHROUGH MYTH JUST CAUSE PSEUDOSCIENCE ETHICS AND HELPING CAREERS

3. Unveiling the Truth100 What are 5 characteristics of the Scientific Attitude? • Maintain personal objectivity • Be open-minded • Question everything and everyone • Don’t oversimplify • Be open to error

4. Unveiling the Truth200 True or False: Ideally, as a researcher, you should never admit your mistakes because you want your work to be published. FALSE! Mistakes in Psychology are a benefit to research because they narrow down the possibilities that are true.

5. Unveiling the Truth300 According to the notes, which characteristic of science involves “judgments about truth based on observation and examination of the world?” The Empirical Method

6. Unveiling the Truth400 ____ uses a planned sequence of testing to rule out competing explanations. (HINT: Think about “20 questions”). Systematic Testing

7. Unveiling the Truth500 We discussed a number of biases and heuristics that distort our perceptions of reality. List 3. • The Just World Hypothesis • The Fundamental Attribution Error • The Self-Serving Bias • The Availability Heuristic • Confirm the View Bias (Confirmation Bias)

8. Breaking Through….100 True or False? The Scientific Breakthrough Myth is the false belief that “breakthroughs” in science occur by building small ideas into bigger ones. In other words, this myth suggests that science is a slow and steady process. FALSE. Science IS a slow process that is created by building smaller ideas into bigger ones. The Scientific Breakthrough Myth occurs when people assume that huge discoveries happen in science on a quick and irregular basis.

9. Breaking Through….200 Explain why there is value in diverging evidence. Diverging evidence helps us to revise theories and examine the limitations of a theory or its applications.

10. Breaking Through….300 Name 4 benefits of publicizing scientific results 1. Promotes replication and convergence 2. Promotes debate and quality control 3. Promotes public focus 4. Allows for faster progress

11. Breaking Through….400 Is the following statement a definition for theory or for the Principle of Falsifiability? “Scientific ideas must predict an expected pattern of empirical results” This is a definition for the Principle of Falsifiability.

12. Breaking Through….500 What is a scientific hypothesis? What is a scientific theory? • A scientific hypothesis is a prediction that is made about • specific changes or transformations observed in empirical • studies • A scientific theory is an explanation about a pattern of changes

13. Just Cause100 According to the lecture notes, what are the three components for establishing causation? Define each term. 1. Presence – cause must be present when effect is present 2. Precedence – cause must precede the effect 3. Strength of influence – the strength of the cause must correspond to the strength of the effect

14. Just Cause200 True or False? Correlational studies meet the criteria of precedence, but not presence. False!! Correlational studies DO NOT meet the criteria for either precedence or presence. Can you explain why?

15. Just Cause300 Which experimental method is designed to compare the results from two groups of participants? A Between-Participants Design

16. Just Cause400 What are the four threats to accurate results (internal validity) we discussed? 1. Confounding Variables 2. Participant Motivations 3. Placebo Effect 4. Experimenter Expectations

17. Just Cause500 What is the College Sophomore problem? Most psychological research is done with college students (usually sophomores) and the results may not generalize to other populations.

18. Pseudoscience100 What is the Barnum Effect? People will find self-relevance in general descriptions.

19. Pseudoscience200 Name 2 of the 4 risks of self-help that are discussed in class. 1. People are not properly assessed 2. People may bring others into the process/extend the problem 3. Untrained people pick the treatment 4. No improvement can worsen the problem, reduce self-image, and reduce motivation for real therapies/interventions

20. Pseudoscience300 According to the notes, what are four benefits of self-help discussed in class? 1. Reduced time spent with therapist 2. People gain information about therapies 3. Can benefit other treatment interventions 4. Can help prevent problems

21. Pseudoscience400 According to our discussion, what strategies are used to create a scam remedy? 1. Use false authorities 2. Appeal to emotion 3. Create false consensus 4. Make most of success stories 5. Do NOT do/report controlled experiments 6. Rely on the Barnum Effect

22. Pseudoscience500 How to people create a false consensus. They suggest that everyone believes something.

23. Ethics and Helping Careers100 As we discussed in class, the helping relationship is NOT a social relationship. Why? 1. The relationship is based on hierarchal power 2. The relationship is designed to achieve some specific goal 3. When that goal is met the relationship ends

24. Ethics and Helping Careers200 Name 2 of the benefits of using informed consent. 1. Decreased participant anxiety 2. Increase compliance with treatment – can speed recovery 3. More favorable view of therapists/researchers

25. Ethics and Helping Careers300 Name the 5 fundamental helping principles discussed in class. 1. Respect for Rights and Dignity 2. Beneficence and Nonmaleficence 3. Fidelity & Responsibility 4. Integrity 5. Justice

26. Ethics and Helping Careers400 Which fundamental helping principle seeks to respect and protect human and civil rights? Respect for Rights and Dignity

27. Ethics and Helping Careers500 Which helping principle identifies the participant’s health and well-being as the primary factor in the professional relationship? Beneficence & Nonmaleficence