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koiel aUrjw kw swDn

1 . aUrjw AOry AwvwjweI. 1 .1. aUrjw ky swDn. koiel aUrjw kw swDn

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koiel aUrjw kw swDn

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  1. 1. aUrjw AOry AwvwjweI 1.1. aUrjw ky swDn koiel aUrjw kw swDn AmrIkw my 1890 my aUrjw lIey lkVI kI jgw koiely ny ly lI[ 1982 my koielw jlw kr pwnI kI BwP sy ibjlI pYdw krny vwlIAW c`kIAW clI[ cwrlz pwrs~ns ny 1884 my izAwdw inpun BwP sy c`lny vwliAW c~kIAW bnweI[ 1920 my pIisAw koielw km hvw sy izAwdw jlny l~gw[ 1940 my vwvrolw B`TIAW my G`tIAw koielw jlqw swQ km rwK bnqI[ Awj k~l koiely kI Kwn kw kUVw jlw ky aUrjw pYdw kI jwqI hY, swQ kUVw km hoqw hY] cwrlz pwrs~ns pwrs~ns kI BwP c`kI (1907) qyl kI Koj AOr inkwlnw 1901 tYkss my sipMfltwp nw kw bVw qyl dw KUh imlw[ 1951 q~k kwro my koiely kI jgw ptrOl jlny lgw[ rswiex ivigAwn ny inkly qyl ko Al~g Al~g BwgoN my inKwrw[ SurU my grm kr ky BwP sy Ark inkwlw, km hvw kyy dbw my, iPr kYtwilst pw kr[ qyl inkwlny ky iley ivigAwn ny hIirAW ky vrimAW kI nok, vrmy shwiek gwrw, slyt ctwnw sy BwP AOry rswink myl sy qyl inkwlw[ izAwdw qyl inkwln lIey prYSr ADIn qrl kwrbn-fweIAOksweIf AOry pwnI kw prXog kIAw] nUAklIar aUrjw 1942 pihlw naUklIAr rIAYktr POj lIey bnw[ 1951 prDwn ewzInAwvr AYtmI qwkq SwqI lIey sy naUklIAr aUrjw ibjlI Gr bnyy[ AsiQr AYlImYt ibjlI GrO kw eIDn bny[ ryfIAo AYkitv srIey nwp qol sy Gtqy hY[ blyy srIey dubwrw soDy jwqy hY[ AYtmI kUVw r~Knw, vwqwvrn kw bcw, hvw my ies qwkq kw km burw Asr sB rswiexk ivigAwnw kI dyn hY] aUrjw ky Aor nXy swDn zmIn sy inklI grmI Xw pwnI kI qwkq syN ibjlI 1% PI bdI h,Y pr ies kI mwlI mh~qqw AOr prXog idno idn vD rhw hY[ ivigAwn ny bnwey grmI, Dup kI roSnI vwly solr pYnl, hvw sy ibjlI bnwny vwly km vzn dwr pMKy, sImYt, lohy kI c~kIAW jo pwnI sy c~lny pr ibjlI bnwqI AOr ijAwdw dyr c~lqI]

  2. 1. aUrjw AOr AwvwjweI 1.2. jmW hony vwlI cukvIN aUrjw kyy swDn eyk dPw brqy jwny vwlI bYtrI 1700-vI sdI kyy AiKr my AlsYfro voltw ny aUrjw jmW krny vwlI bYtrI bnweI[ ivigAwn ny ies ko vDIAw bnw idXw[ 1890 my kwrbn-izMk suKI bYtrI bnI jo gIly lklYcI syN bVIAw QI[ Awj BI Xh sYl roSnI dyny vwlI bYtrI my pVqy hY[ 1949 my bnI AYlklweIn pyst vwlI bYtrI, jo izAwdw c~ldI AOry CotI hY[ Xh bYtrI kYmry AOr cukvIAw XukqIAW my vrqI jwqI hY[ ien bYtrI my cWdI-AwksweIf, pwrw-AwksweIf Xw ilQIAm hY] kwrbn-izMk sukI bYtrI rIcwrj hox vwlI bYtrIAW rIcwrj hony vwlI bYtrI 1859 my isky-iqjwb vwlI bYtrI kwrKwny my bnI jo ibjlI jmW krdI QI[ 1881 Xh AOr ACI bnweI geI, Xh bYtrI Awj BI kwr, tr~k my lgqI hY[ 1899 my pihlI vwr inkl-kYfmIAm rIcwrj hony vwlI bYtrI ivkny lgI[ Awj ilQIAm-Awien bYtrI sYl Pon, lYptOp kmpUtr my hY, Bwvy Xh 1980 my nwkwm rhI sI]

  3. 1. aUrjw AOr AwvwjweI 1.3. pul AOr sVk kw swmwn p~kw sImYt 1950 my vfy pYmwny pry AmrIkw kI lMbI imAwd vwlI p~kIAW sVky AOry pulW ny sUby imlw dIeyy[ 1824 my portlYf sImYt ny p~ky sImYt my srIAw lgwny kw pytYt hwsl kIXw[ 1877 my PrWs ky joisP monIAr ny ies my rswiexW pweI ijs sy lNYtr my km KwlI glIAW rihqI, sImYt AOry lohw Awid hOlI suKqw AOry p~kw juVqw[ sImYt kI imAwd bVy Kws bnwny kyy qrIky pry inrBr hY[ imlweIAW rswiexW ies kw sugVnw km AOr imAwd vDqI hY] [ luu~k sVk bnwny lIey lu~k ssqI AOr ACI hY[ 1595 my kudrqI lu~k kI Koj hoeI, 1902 my kol-twr imlw ky ies kI sVk bnn lgI[ qyl swP krn sy bcKuc Tos Xw A~D-Tos ibtUmn ny kudrqI lu~k kI jgw sVk bnwny iley ly leI[ Ab bnwey pOlImr imlw ky ies kI imAwd bDI[ supr-pyv lu~k izAwdw Bwr AOry sKq mOsm BI sihdI hY] Dwq AOry imSrx-Dwq POlwd Kws kr iemwrq, pul; ies ky km vzn, SkqI, imAwd, ssqw, Bucwl vgYrw my sur~iKk kwrn hY[ nXyN iksm kw POlwd jo 1990 my bnw izAwdw mjbUq AOry km Burdw hY[ nvyN qrIky sy ies pry AlmInIAm Xw ijsq cVw kr pul my l~gy y POlwd dI imAwd 30 swl hor v~D geI hY] c~lqy rKnw AOr TIk krny ky qrIky sVk kw lMmy smy q~k, hr mOsm my TIk rihnw zrUrI hY[ sVkO ky swmwn AOr TIk krnI Koj sy sVk ky bnwny kI jrUrq ky lIey smW vDwieAw[ p~ky sImYt, lu~k AOr Polwd sIl krky sVk kI imAwd vDweI[ rswiexW AOry pOlImr sy lu~k kI sVk ACI hUeI[ jYsyN stweIrIn-butwfweIn-stweIrIn sy sVk my km lIh AOr qyV pVqI hY]

  4. 1. aUrjw AOry AwvwjweI 1.4. ptrOl-rswiexk EIDn qyl sy ptrOl bnwieAw 1913 my inkwly qyl ko grm krny syy Bwrw qyl AOry ptrOl Qrml krYikMg sy bnwey[ aucy qwpmwn sy Ancwhy pdwrQ BI bn jwqy, 1928 my km hvw ky dbw sy km qwpmwn sy qyl inKwrw[ 1936 my XujIn hOfry ny kYtwilitk krYikg kI jo 1937 c vpwirk p~Dr py ApnweI geI, qy ptrOl inKwrn kw iXh qrIkw prc~lq ho gAw] qyl inKwrn eIDn + rswiexW pihly G~tIAw ptrOl sy ienjn ijAwdw Sor krqy[ 1921 my ptrOl my tYtrw-eYQl-lYf (4-Alkohl-iskw) imlwny sy ienjn km Sor krqy[ 1926 my ptrOl kw AOktyn p~Dr sy nwipAw jwny l~gw[ 1970 my isky kw imSrx vwqwvrn kw iDAwn kwrn bNd kIqw gAw[ kuJ rswiex AOr AYlkohl-eIQr sy ieNjn kw Sor AOry GsweI GtIY[ Tnfy ielwky my ptrOl my mYQyn imlwieAw jwdw hY qW ik brP kwrn ptrOl nw ruky] kYtwilitk knvrtrz 1975 c kwrbn-mOnoAwksweIf AOry AnbilAw ptrOl DUew km krny lIey do Bwg vwly kYtwilitk knvrtlz bny[ iPr ies my qIsrw Bwg lgwieAw ijs ny nweItrojn-AwksweIf GtwieAw[ ies my plYtInm Dwq kI shwieqw sy iXh swry bl jwqy hY[ nweItrojn-AwksweIf nwtrojn AOr AwksIjn gYs my, kwrbn-mOnoAwksweIf kwrbn-fweIAwksweif gYs sy c inkl jwqyy hY] iqn Bwg kYtwilitk knvrtr

  5. 1.aUrjw AOr AwvwjweI 1.5. kwry iePwjq, shUlq AOry sNudr ifzweIn ky iley nvIn mwl 21vI sdI kI kwry SurU my bnI kwro syiePwzq, shUlq AOry Skl my nhI imlqI[ izAwdw roSnI vwlI Awgy lweItW sy rwq kw sPr Awswn kr idXw hY[ DwqW cVy lohy kI imAwd izAwdw hY[ Tnfw krn vwly rswiex bNd Gyry my Gumdy hY[ ihPwzqI SIsw 1914 my bnw[ Kws pOlImr vwlw km vzndwr AOr sUrz kI hwnIkwrk ikrn AOr bwhr kw Sor rokqw hY[ mzbUq ihPwzqI pytIAW 1960 my AOr bcwA vwly gubwry 1996 lgwny lwzmI huey] plwsitk ky purzy AOr Bwg Rrswiex ny lohy kI jgw plwsitk sy kwro kw vzn km AOr ACw vnw dIAw[ dunIAW kI dusrI jNg bwd bnwey pOlImr jo sKq AOr mOsmI qbdIlI sihqy hY vnyy[ 1970 my qyl kI kmI ny km vzn ky Bwgo kI zrUrq pyS kI[ bOfI kw iek~Tw FlweI sy bnwnw, plwsitk ky bMpr, pOlIproplIn jo XU vI ikrn rokdI AOr rNg BI p~kw rihqw, Kws qrW ky rNg, joV lwny vwlI gUdy rswiex ny idXy] pOlIpropolIn kI for twier ivigAwn 1800 my rbV ky ruK kI rbV jo ik grmI my nrm AOr srdI my iqV jWqI[ 1939 my AmrIkn KojI cwrlz gufeIAr ny rbV my gMDk imlw ky ies ko sKq bnwieAw[ Awj BI kuJ rswiexW imlw ky aus kw hI qrIkw vriqAw jwqw hY[ 1945 my bnwvtI rbV ivkny l~gI[ jYsy rbV kI jrUrq vVI, rbV ky tYr my tIaUb peI, bnwvtI Xw Awm for sy twier km Gsqy AOr mzbUq bny, iPr ibn tIaub ky twier bnyN]

  6. 1. aUrjw AOr AwvwjweI 1.6.eyAronwitks grm hvw ky gubwry 1873 sy jd AwdmI phlI vwr Awg kI lwt sy grm hvw ky gubwry my aufwn kI, grm hvw ky gubwirAw kI Koj byh~d hueI[ grm hvw kI jgw hweIfyrojn sy gubwrw kwbU krnw Awswn Qw[ AmrIkw my AYsy gubwrO ky 5000 pweIlt hY[ rswiexkW ny grmI sYhn vwlI nweIln AOr qrl propyn kI gubwry clwny SurU kIXy] hIlIAm ihfnbrg (1937) hweIdrojn ky gubwry sKq FWcy kw Qw, hweIdrojn Kqry jnk hY[ 1905 my kYnss my do ivigAwnkO ny hIlIAm ky kuey imly, hIlIAm v~fI mwqrw my hY[ dunIAW kI pYhlI jNg my hIlIAm bhuq mwqrw my inkwlI AOry kwm AweI[ dunIAW kI dUsrI jNg my hIlIAm ky bilpW ny pYdl AOr smudrI sYnw kI rkSw kI[ 1950 hIlIAm ko rwkt bnny kI vYlifg my shwiek QI, AOr ies sy rwkt kw eIDn iejn my Dkylw] ihfnbrg durGtnw (1937) rwkt ky eIDn rwkt kI prIKx 1920 m hUeI, smwcwr sYtylweIt 1950 myu lgy, 1980 my spys Stl, Koj ivigAwnkW kI hYrwn krny jnk kwrnwmw hY[ spys Xwqrw zmIn kI iK~c sy D~kyl kr bwhr jwny kI sPlqw pry inrBr hY[ 1926 my pYihlw rwkt ptrOl AOr AOksIjn jlw ky cVw[ aus ky bwd qrl AOr Tos eIDn bny[ spys Stl my qrl hweIdrojn kw eIDn hY, lyikn aupr jwny lIey almInIAm AOr AmonIAm-pr-kloryt esqymwl hoqw hY] jhwj AOr rwkt bnwny kw swmwn jhwz l~kVI AOr k~pVy sy bxny SurU hueyy, ivigAwnk soDy hoeY mwl ijs sy fIzweIn kI zrUrq pUrI hUeI[ AlmInIAm AOr tweItynIAm kw imSrx jo mzbUq, hlkw, aucw qwpmwn sihqw AOry nw-tUtny vwlwjhwj bnwny my kwm Awqw hY[ rwkt kI sKq hwlwq my clny kwrn Al~g zrUrqy hY[ Kws iksm kI tweIlW jo bhuq aucw qwpmwn sihn 1980 my bnI[ pYihlW ien ky lIey zrkonIAm sy koiSS kI, AwKr my ryq sy inkly qwroN sy bnI tweIl sPl hueI]

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