Psychology of Learning EXP4404

Psychology of LearningEXP4404 Chapter 11: Memory and Forgetting Dr. Steve

Topics Covered • Stage Model of Memory • Semantic Models of Memory • Theories of Forgetting • Memory Disorders • Applications of Memory Research • Memory Strategies

Stage Model of Memory Atkinson & Shiffrin Rehearsal Decay Displacement Retrieval Failure

Stage Model of Memory • Sensory Memory Sperling experiment demonstrates that . . .

Stage Model of Memory • Short Term Memory • Encoding • Storage • Retrieval • Serial Position Effect • Primacy Effect • Recency Effect

Stage Model of Memory • Encoding and Remembering • Maintenance Rehearsal • Elaborative Rehearsal • Levels of Processing (Craik & Lockhart) • Shallow • Deep • Von Restorff Effect

Stage Model of Memory Long Term Memory • Declarative Memory • Semantic Memory • Episodic Memory

Stage Model of Memory • Nondeclarative Memory • Procedural Memory

Semantic Network Models • Hierarchical Networks • RT studies by Collins & Quillian (1972) • Has skin • Can move around • Eats • Breaths Animal • Has fins • Can swim • Has gills • Has wings • Can fly • Has feathers Bird Fish • Is pink • Is edible • Swims upstream Canary • Can sing • Is yellow Penguin • Is black & white • Can’t fly Shark • Can bite • Is dangerous Salmon

Semantic Network Models • Spreading Activation • Strong semantic relationship are represented by . . . • Demonstrated with priming effect experiments spoon fork hands arms knife hammer saw tools fingers toes nails

Semantic Models • Category Clustering

Forgetting • Ebbinghaus • Memorized long lists of nonsense syllables (cew, qoz)

Forgetting • Theories of Forgetting • Decay Theory • Interference • Proactive • Retroactive

Forgetting • Variables affecting interference: • Meaningfulness of material • Similarity of material • Time between learning and recall

Memory Disorders • Amnesia • May be caused by damage to the limbic system (specifically Hippocampus). • Case of HM – • Suffered from: • Moderate retrograde amnesia • Severe anterograde amnesia

Memory Disorders • Korsakoff’s Syndrome • May suffer both retrograde and anterograde amnesia • Case of 59 yr old man

Memory Disorders • Alzheimer’s Disease

Applications: Foraging • Organisms may be less likely to forget information when it is important for survival

Applications: Eyewitness Testimony • Loftus & Palmer • Believed memories were reconstructed each time they are accessed • Study:

Memory Techniques and Strategies • Cue-Dependent Forgetting(Encoding Specificity) • State-Dependent Learning

Memory Techniques and Strategies • Massed vs. Distributed Practice • Fatigue • Consolidation • Differential Encoding Hypothesis

Memory Techniques and Strategies • Generation Effects • Overlearning

Memory Techniques and Strategies • Method of Loci • First noted as technique by ancient Greeks

Memory Techniques and Strategies • Keyword Technique

Memory Techniques and Strategies • Other Mnemonics • Musical staff • Biological categorizations • Mathematical order of functions • I before E, except after C • 30 days has November, April, June, and September

Memory Techniques and Strategies • Pegword • To recall following grocery list (eggs, apples, butter, soda, pasta, tuna, steak, sugar, chips, lettuce) • One is a bun – egg resting on a bun • Two is a shoe – shoe kicking an apple • Three is a tree – a butter tree • Four is a door – coke logo on a door • Five is a hive – beehive made of pasta • Six is sticks – can of tuna balanced on a stick • Seven is heaven – steak with angel wings • Eight is a gate – fence gate made of sugar cubes • Nine is wine – potato chips floating down a river of wine • Ten is a hen – hen sitting on top of lettuce head

Memory Techniques and Strategies • Chunking

Memory Techniques and Strategies • Narrative Chaining • Make a story with the following word list: • Walrus, Brass, Fan, Frog, Hospital, Lightbulb, Cookie • Amazing Feats of Memory Video

Psychology of Learning EXP4404