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Psychology of Learning EXP4404. Chapter 5: Reinforcement Dr. Steve. Topics Covered. Law of Effect Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning Reinforcement Escape-Avoidance Learning Operant vs. Classical Conditioning Primary vs. Secondary Reinforcers Shaping & Chaining
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Psychology of LearningEXP4404 Chapter 5: Reinforcement Dr. Steve
Topics Covered • Law of Effect • Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning • Reinforcement • Escape-Avoidance Learning • Operant vs. Classical Conditioning • Primary vs. Secondary Reinforcers • Shaping & Chaining • Variables Affecting Reinforcement • Neuromechanics of Reinforcement • Extinction • Theories of Reinforcement
Law of Effect • E. L. Thorndike • Puzzle Box for studying “animal intelligence” • Trial and Error Learning • Law of Effect • www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDujDOLre-8
Operant Learning • Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning – • B. F. Skinner’s Operant Chamber
Operant Learning • Reinforcement • Reinforcer • Positive Reinforcer • Negative Reinforcer
Operant Learning • Escape-Avoidance Learning
Operant Learning • Learned Helplessness
Operant Classical Operant vs. Classical Conditioning
Primary Reinforcers Secondary Reinforcers Primary vs. Secondary Reinforcers
Secondary Reinforcers • Clicker Training
Operant Learning • Shaping Bird shaping video
Operant Learning • Chaining • Forward chaining • Backward chaining Funny example of Chaining Behavior
Variables Affecting Reinforcement • Contingency • Contiguity
Variables Affecting Reinforcement • Reinforcer Characteristics • Crespi Effect (aka, Contrast Effect) • Negative Effect • Positive Effect
Variables Affecting Reinforcement • Token Economies
Variables Affecting Reinforcement • Task Characteristics • Motivating Operation • Competing Reinforcers
Operant Learning • Reward Pathway
Operant Learning • Latent Learning
Extinction • Extinction • Effects of extinction include: • Extinction burst
Extinction • Effects of extinction include (cont’d): • Spontaneous Recovery • Resurgence • Behavior is Extinguished
Theories of Reinforcement • Hull’s Drive-Reduction Theory • P(R) = (D x H x K x V) – I • P(R) = probability of response • D = Drive or length of deprivation • H = Habit or how often response has been reinforced • K = Incentive (pull factor) quantity or quality of goal • V = Stimulus intensity (push factor) – greater better • I = Inhibition- reduces probability of response (fatigue) • “Forgetting” may be function of reduction in D, K, or V (note: H cannot decrease) or increase in I
Theories of Reinforcement • Premack Principle – aka – Relative Value Theory
Theories of Reinforcement • Response Deprivation Theory – aka Equilibrium Theory
Theories of Reinforcement • Theories of Negative Reinforcement (Avoidance) • Mowrer’s Two-Process Theory
Theories of Reinforcement • Theories of Negative Reinforcement (Avoidance) • One-Process Theory