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Chapter 10 Applications of Nanotechnology: Biology & Nanotechnology

Explore the intersection of biology and nanotechnology, from molecular machines to DNA computing, lab-on-a-chip assays, and more. Learn about the roles of carbohydrates, lipids, DNA, and proteins at the nanoscale. Discover the applications of BioNanotech in molecular motors, gene chips, scaffolded DNA origami, and fluorescence tagging. Dive into the world of NanoBiotech with metal nanoparticle binding assays and protein microarray screening powered by surface plasmon resonance. Witness the fascinating applications and innovations at the crossroads of biology and nanotech.

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Chapter 10 Applications of Nanotechnology: Biology & Nanotechnology

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  1. Chapter 10Applications of Nanotechnology:Biology & Nanotechnology NANO 101 Introduction to Nanotechnology

  2. Overview • Much biology is mediated in the 1-100 nm range • Structures and sizes • Inspiration for Self Assembly and Molecular Machine concepts

  3. Nanotech and Biology BioNanotechnology: • use of biology (biological molecules) in nanotech • use of biology as a model for a nanotechnology system • Ex. DNA computing Nanobiotechnology: • use of nanostructures to enhance biology or biotech • use of nanotechnology for creating or improving biotech systems or processes • Ex. Lab-on-a-chip assays

  4. Lab on a Chip • Combining all lab functions in one device • Soft lithography PDMS casting Source: Nature Video 4

  5. Lab on a Chip: Research

  6. Lab on a Chip: Diagnosis

  7. How Biology “Feels” on the Nanoscale • Hydro environments v. carbon-based life • What are these tiny species in a cell? • Sugars (carbohydrates) • Fatty acids (lipids) • Nucleotides (DNA) • Amino Acids (proteins)

  8. Carbohydrates Roles: • Mechanical support (large carbohydrates, ex. cellulose) • Metabolized and used for energy • Sugars are basic building blocks • general formula: (CH2O)n • examples • glucose (n= 6) • fructose (n= 6) • ribose (n= 5) • loop on themselves to form rings • rings attach to make chains of many types

  9. Basic Carbohydrate Examples ribose fructose glucose chain formation: sugars simplest: sucrose monosaccharides; disaccharides; polysaccharides…

  10. Complex Carbohydrate Examples http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/547cellulose.html http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/faculty/cronk/biochem/C-index.cfm?definition=chitin

  11. Lipids Roles: • Energy (concentrated energy reserve) • Structural (ex. membranes) • Fatty acids are basic building blocks • long carbon chains with COOH head group • amphiphilic  interesting self-assembled structures • saturated; monounsaturated; polyunsaturated… Source: Univ. of Calgary Oleic acid

  12. Phospholipids • Pair of fatty acids, connected by glycerol and phosphate group • Usually also bonded to a small hydrophilic molecule • Capable of self-assembly and self-repair! Source: PB Works

  13. DNA Roles: • Stores, replicates information • Along with RNA and proteins, translates info into product • Nucleotides are basic building blocks • Deoxidized ribose rings chained together with phosphate bridges • Pendant on the ribose rings are the four “bases” • Specific hydrogen bonding based pairing thymine guanine adenine cytosine

  14. Self- assembled DNA structure

  15. Base pair hydrogen bonding

  16. DNA - chromosome structure

  17. DNA Transcription

  18. RNA Transcription

  19. Proteins Roles: Perform many many many roles Examples include: hormones; transportation of other molecules; enzymes; detecting signals; structural support • Amino Acids are basic building blocks Carbon connected to: • NH3 (amino group) • COOH (carboxyl group) • Side chain • Hydrogen

  20. The 20 amino acids

  21. Protein Structure

  22. Globular Protein Structure

  23. Applications of BioNanotech:Molecular Motors ATP Synthase: • as protons flow through membrane, spins • in cells, this mechanical energy is used for the ADP  ATP rxn http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookATP.html

  24. ATP Rotor and Attached Sphere Constructing Biological Motor Powered Nanomechanical Devices byCarlo Montemagno*, George Bachand, Scott Stelick, Marlene Bachand http://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT6/Papers/Montemagno/

  25. DNA (Genomic) microarrays Synthesis of Gene Chips Biomolecular Engineering Volume 22, Issues 5–6, December 2005, Pages 173–184 http://www.bio.davidson.edu/genomics/chip/chip.html

  26. Gene Chips http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/genomics/chip/chip.html

  27. Application of BioNanotech:Scaffolded DNA Origami Use short single strands of DNA (“staples”) to direct folding of long strands of DNA to make nanostructures

  28. Application of BioNanotech: Fluorescence tagging • Fluorescence tag attached to cDNA • Organic dyes • Cy3 and Cy5 • Quantum Dots

  29. Application of NanoBiotech: Metal Nanoparticle/Film Binding Assays • Surface plasmon resonance • Colorimetric shifts indicate binding • Can be accomplished using 10-100 nm Au or Ag particles or films

  30. Protein Binding Basic phenomenon in much of biology

  31. Protein Microarray Screening Surface Plasmon Resonance The optical properties (reflectivity or spectral absorption) of a metal thin film or particle is determined by the size, shape, and number of any molecules attached to it. gold specular angle specular angle glass Input Light Output Light

  32. Protein Microarray Screening At some particular angle or wavelength, most of the input light energy will be converted to a plasmon Specular Angle specular angle Input Light output light reflectivity = output/input reflectivity Reflectivity minimum is dependent on type of molecule bonded specular angle or wavelength

  33. Protein Microarray Screening Monitor SPR curves over time to track binding events

  34. Raman Spectroscopy • Gives information about vibrational (low energy) states

  35. Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy • Noble metal nanoparticles act as antennas Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2013, 15, 5312-5328

  36. Nanoparticle Photothermal Therapy Surface Plasmon Resonance effect using a metal nanoshell in the IR “water window” http://nano.cancer.gov/resource_center/nanotech_nanoshells.asp

  37. Magnetism • Magnetic field induces changes in alignment of electron spins in a substance • Paramagnetism: unpaired spin magnetic moment is alligned with applied field • Ferromagnetism: unpaired spins align in absence of magnetic field • Diamagnatism: a magnetic moment opposing the applied field from paired electrons

  38. Magnetic Memory • Non-volatile (is not lost when power is removed) • Co – alloy material • Magnetic domains are 1 and 0 http://www.spmtips.com/library-SPM-in-data-storage.lib

  39. Next Gen: Spin Torque Transfer • Spintronics: Integrated magnetic and electronic properties • New materials, fab in conjunction with silicon elements • Commercialized-> Everspin

  40. Bottom Up : 12 atom bit • Antiferromagnetic bits • Needs 5K temps to operate

  41. Magnetic Imaging • MRI contrast agents • Magnetic Particle Imaging Choi, J.-S. et al. A hybrid nanoparticle probe for dual-modality positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.47, 6259–6262 (2008) Goodwill, P. W., Saritas, E. U., Croft, L. R., Kim, T. N., Krishnan, K. M., Schaffer, D. V. and Conolly, S. M. (2012), X-Space MPI: Magnetic Nanoparticles for Safe Medical Imaging. Adv. Mater., 24: 3870–3877. doi: 10.1002/adma.201200221

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