Nanotechnology and Applications

1. By LohZheng Yi 3I316 Nanotechnology and Applications

2. What are the pictures about?

3. Watch the Video… • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g3QLLc-q07Q • This video depicts many uses of nanotechnology in electronics and medicine. It also shows a brief overview of the history of nanogold

4. What is nanotechnology? • Study and application of control of matter on an atomic scale (10^-9) • Applications of nanotechnology • Medicine • Nanomaterials • Molecular Self Assembly • Nanoelectronics

6. Nanomaterials • Characteristics • Vastly increased surface area to volume ratio • Altered electronic properties • Uniformity in packing of molecules/atoms • Types • Fullerenes • Nanotubes • Nanoparticles

7. Nanomaterials • Did you know? In the nanoworld, • Copper becomes transparent • Aluminum becomes combustible • Gold can be used as a catalyst • Silicon becomes a conductor • Ferroelectric materials are able to switch their magnetization energy • (That means you can’t made a memory chip in the nanoscale using conventional methods!) • Zinc Oxide can block UV light efficiently (currently used in sunscreen)

8. Fullerenes • A molecule that is fully composed of carbon • First fullerene to be discovered – C60 fullerene • Various types • Buckyballs • Nanotubes • Megatubes • Polymers

9. Buckyballs • Spherical carbon allotropes • Can also be made with elements such as Boron and Silicon • Applications • Can act as aromatics • Can act as superconductors under specific conditions

10. Nanotubes • Watch the video on the synthesis of carbon nanotubesand their applications http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ikYhyjPjKBs

11. Nanotubes • Allotropes of carbon such that they resemble a tube • Characteristics • Length to diameter ratios of up to 132 000 000: 1 • Extreme strength • Efficient thermal conductors along the tube (up to 10 times as much as metals) but insulators perpendicular to the tube length • Electrical conductors • Length of up to 18.5cm • More than 80times the tensile strength of stainless steel • Experiments have created nanotubes harder than diamond

12. Applications of nanotubes • Nanomotor • Using nanotubes encased within another nanotube • Nanoelectrical systems • A sheet of nanotubes can act as loudspeakers that amplify sound through thermoacousticity • Nanotubes can be used for flexible displays and touchscreens

13. Application of nanotubes • Solar cells • Uses carbon nanotube complexes of buckyballs and nanotubes • Buckyballs can trap electrons when excited with light energy • Nanotubes can then act as wires to transmit the electrons

14. Nanoparticles • Small clusters of molecules/atoms that behave as a whole unit • Uniform packing • Consists of colloids • Solid particles small enough to exhibit brownian motion

15. Nanoparticles • History (Yes, this seemingly modern science does have a history) • In the Middle ages and the Renaissance (14th to 17th century), people found a way to make pottery glister • This is done by the glazing of a metallic film of silver and copper nanoparticlesonto the clay

16. Colloidal Gold • Also known as Nanogold • Suspension of gold nanoparticles in a fluid • Formed by the reduction of chloroauric acid • Properties • Colour ranges from yellow to red depending on size of particles • Due to the ability of gold nanoparticles to confine electrons and produce quantum effects • Colloidal gold melts near 300°C unlike bulk gold (1064°C) • Gold is now a semiconductor • Gold is no longer inert

17. Application of Nanogold • Technological Purposes • Synthesis of extremely fine wires • Synthesis of semi conductors for computers • Synthesis of touch sensitive screens and advanced data storage • Synthesis of efficient chemical catalysts • Nanogold can catalyze the conversion of Carbon Monoxide into Carbon Dioxide with 100% efficiency • Nanogold can be used to make firefighting masks that protect against CO poisoning for several hours • Nanogold can purify water and detect contamination

18. Application of Nanogold • Medicinal purposes • Gold Nanoparticles can be attached to antibodies to be used as a beacon which can then be detected by equipment (e.g. dark field imaging) to identify cancer cells • The presence of nanogold in cancer cells also make the cells vulnerable to light energy that would cause nanogold to heat up the cell until it dies • The use of gold nanorods, coupled with IR laser light, can be used to detect tumors deep within the skin

19. Nanomedicine • The utilization of nanotechnology to help overcome current medicinal technology limits • Applications include • Advanced drug delivery methods • New therapies • Neuroelectronic interfaces and nanoelectronic based sensors • Cell repair machinese?

20. Drug Delivery • Focuses on maximizing the effect of drugs (so that they do not end up in non useful place) • Nanoparticles can be taken up by cells (unlike bulk materials) because of their size • This can cause drugs to be distributed to the desired cells via complex delivery mechanisms • This can also eliminate problems such as death of normal cells caused by poor biodistribution

21. Nanoparticles as seekers • Several functional groups can be attached to a nanoparticle • As tumors lack an effective drainage system, nanoparticles can accumulate easily at such cites. • Some nanoparticles such as cadmium selenide glow when exposed to UV rays, thus revealing the cancer cells.

22. Neuroelectronic Interface • Synthesis of a molecular structure that will allow the neural impulses to be detected • Through nanotechnology, computers may be able to be used to control the neural network and treat diseases that affects the neural network • Many limitations due to possible malfunctions and electrical disruption

23. Nanoparticles as seekers

24. References • Lehigh University (2004, April 29). Nanogold Does Not Glitter, But Its Future Looks Bright. ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 21, 2010, from http://www.sciencedaily.com­ /releases/2004/04/040428062059.htm • Chang Qing, Sun (2008, June 27). Nanogold chemistry. SciTopics. Retrieved August 21, 2010, from http://www.scitopics.com/Nanogold_chemistry.html • http://www.mi2g.com/cgi/mi2g/frameset.php?pageid=http%3A//www.mi2g.com/cgi/mi2g/press/110210.php • http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=15631.php • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomedicine • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanogold • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerene • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomaterials • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoparticle