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Swapping terms:

Swapping terms:. the life of scientific vocabulary through history. Centre de Recherche en Terminologie et Traduction Université Lumiére Lyon 2 April 2013. Marta Gómez Martínez marta.gomez@unirioja.es. Contents:. 1. Introduction 2. Lexicography and specialised language

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Swapping terms:

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  1. Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history Centre de Recherche en Terminologie et Traduction Université Lumiére Lyon 2 April 2013 Marta Gómez Martínez marta.gomez@unirioja.es

  2. Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Lexicography and specialised language 3. Specialised meanings 3.1 A meaning may be represented by several lexical units 3.2 A lexical unit gathers several meanings a) general language → specialised language b) specialised language → general language c) specialised language1→ specialised language 2 4. Summing up

  3. Scientific discourse: vocabulary Standard language Terms (area of knowledge) Special value within a field and in a context Exclusive of an area Found in several areas Also in the stardard form of a language Focus on word-swap in Spanish Studying terms and meanings Extracted from texts that deal with Astronomy (or the Science of the Heavens) Following their lives through history. 1. Introduction LABEL Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history April 2013

  4. General dictionaries include specialised terms → part of everyday language these words are marked as belonging to a certain professional or specialised domain with usage labels abbreviation next to the headword: LABEL information about the domain of application of the given definition restrict the definition to a certain context (social group, geographical area, time period or technical domain). 2. Lexicography and specialised language Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  5. 2. Lexicography and specialised language Are these labels really useful? How much attention do people pay to the information they provide? Do dictionary users look up the kind of information labels provide? Labelling systems could become really handy on digital format for they open a new access to the information → hyperlinks.

  6. 3. Specialised meanings • Each specialised concept is expressed by linguistic signs → vocabulary of the domain univocity or uniqueness of specialised terms? • Texts reflect terminological variation • in form (lexical unit) • in meaning (concept) 3.1 A meaning may be represented by several units 3.2 A lexical unit gathers several meanings Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  7. 3. Specialised meanings 3.1 A meaning may be represented by several lexical units Colores COLOURS Esmaltes TINCTURES Capas COATS Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  8. APOGEO PERIGEO 3.1 A meaning may be represented by several lexical units 3. Specialised meanings ‘point in the orbit of a planet when it is at its greatest distance from the centre of the Earth in its apparent motion on the epicycle and deferent’ ‘point in the orbit of a planet when it is at its nearest distance from the centre of the Earth in its apparent motion on the epicycle and deferent’ Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  9. 3. Specialised meanings 3.1 A meaning may be represented by several lexical units Corpus Glossary The Alfonsine Tables of Toledo (Chabás y Goldstein 2003) ca. 1272 [TAB] Diccionario de la prosa castellana del Rey Alfonso X (Kasten & Nitti 2002): [ALB] Canones de Albateni (1254?-1260?); [AST] Libros del saber de astronomia (1277); [JUZ] Judizios de las estrellas (1254?); [PIC] Picatrix (1256). Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  10. 3. Specialised meanings 3.1 A meaning may be represented by several lexical units Corpus Spanish translations of De Sphaera Mundi: Tratado de la espera copilado por maestro Johan de Sacrobosco by Diego de Torres (1487) [DDT]; Libro o tratado que se dize de la espera trasladado de latín en romance by Maestro de Veas (1493) [MDV]; undated anonymous version (15th c.) Tratado de la espera copilado por mastre Johan de Sacrobosco [COL]; Tratado de la esfera que compuso el doctor Joanes de Sacrobusto con muchas adiciones, agora nuevamente traduzido de latín en lengua castellana by Jerónimo de Chaves (1545) [CHA] La Esfera de Juan de Sacrobosco nueva y fielmente traduzida de latín en romance by Rodrigo Sáenz de Santayana y Espinosa (1568) [SAN] Corpora dessigned by the Spanish Royal Academy, CORDE (origins- 1975) and CREA (1975 – 2004). Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  11. 3. Specialised meanings 3.1 A meaning may be represented by several lexical units 13th century: scientific activity pursued by king Alfonso X the Wise ‘apogee’ (term: Arab awj from Newpersian owg) aux [TAB 16:2] [JUZ 163v32] [ALB 63v2] [AST 163r27] «E si y fuere Mercurio descendiente en el cerco de su aux. o oriental; significa que el nacido sera auenturado & bien andante en sos fechos. & amado. & de mucho auer. & de luenga uida» (CORDE: Anónimo (1254 – 1260). Judizios de las estrellas). Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  12. 3. Specialised meanings 3.1 A meaning may be represented by several lexical units 13th century:‘apogee’ auxe [TAB 17:7] [AST 47r4] «Et este sera el punto que es mas luenne en el cerco del leuador de Mercurio. & pon otrossi la una pierna sobre la sennal primera del centro leuador. & la segunda; sobre la primera linna ascondida. la que es entrel cerco dell auxe de la luna; & entrel centro dell aguador» (CORDE Anónimo (c 1277) Láminas VII planetas) variation alaux [AST 70v22]. Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  13. 3. Specialised meanings 3.1 A meaning may be represented by several lexical units 13th century:‘perigee’ hadit [TAB 23:14] «hadid que es opposito de su auge &es el mas baxo logar que a enel cielo»[PIC 13v55] (1256). Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  14. 3. Specialised meanings 3.1 A meaning may be represented by several lexical units 15th and 16th centuries ‘apogee’: same aux [MDV 26r]; auge [DDT 199r, COL 37v, CHA 93v, SAN 71v] terms followed by an explanatory gloss: auge, que quiere decirelevación [DDT 199r, COL 37v, CHA 93v]; auge, el cual se interpreta elevación [SAN 71v]; auxque se interpreta ensalzamiento [MDV 26r]. Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  15. 3. Specialised meanings 3.1 A meaning may be represented by several lexical units 15th and 16th centuries ‘perigee’: different contrario del aux [MDV 26r] opósito de auge [DDT 199r] / opósito del auge [COL 37v]; opuesto del auge [CHA 93v] / opuesto al auge [SAN 71v] used to explain a term inherited from Arab in the Alphonsine prose Mid-18th c.: last documentation auge – contrario del auge. Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  16. 3. Specialised meanings 3.1 A meaning may be represented by several lexical units Mid-17th c.: introduction of a new pair of terms → nowadays apogeo perigeo «Ahora bien; las posiciones relativas del Sol y de la Luna modifican la intensidad de la marea. La situación de la Luna en su órbita también influye en la elevación de las aguas, según esté en el perigeo o en el apogeo; y de la misma manera, el Sol, según que la Tierra esté en el perihelio o en el afelio, ejerce una fuerza más o menos decisiva» (CORDE (1919) Astronomía I y II). Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  17. 3. Specialised meanings 3.1 A meaning may be represented by several lexical units auge gathers a standard, broader meaning (from 17th c.) «Hallábase á la sazon aquella en su mayor auge y prosperidad, distribuidos y escalonados sus miembros por las cuatro partes del mundo habitado […]»(CORDE (1634) González, Sebastián) «La diversificación de fuentes de energía que se buscaba, solamente contemplaba el auge de lo nuclear y del gas natural […]» (CREA (05/01/1978) El País). Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  18. 3. Specialised meanings 3.1 A meaning may be represented by several lexical units Dictionaries reflect this situation: 1726 Diccionario de Autoridades: both meanings of auge, with and without field label 1770 edition: without label This situation is kept in the 1780, 1783 and 1791 edtions of the Diccionario Usual. 1852 DRAE edition: labelled meaning of auge is reintroduced → refers to another headword, apogeo The rest of the Royal Academy dictionaries, included the 2011 edition, follow this trend Current specialised dictionaries only include apogeo and perigeo. Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  19. 3. Specialised meanings 3.1 A meaning may be represented by several lexical units Labelled definition auge, aux contrario/ opuesto/ opósito del auge apogeo perigeo s. XIII s. XV s. XVII s. XVIII s. XX s. XXI Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  20. 3. Specialised meanings 3.1 A meaning may be represented by several lexical units While auge was disappearing from specialised texts, keeping only the unlabelled meaning... apogeo was broadening its meaning and used under an unlabelled meaning, very close to auge (mid-19th century) «poco después el procurador se cansó del parentesco, y le procuró una plaza de corista en el teatro; ésta fue la época de su apogeo y de su gloria […]» (CORDE (1835) Larra, Mariano José de). Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  21. 3. Specialised meanings 3.1 A meaning may be represented by several lexical units Dictionaries reflect this situation: Nuevo diccionario de la lengua castellana by Vicente Salvá (1846) DRAE 1852, ‘Lo sumo de la grandeza ó perfeccion en gloria, virtud, poder etc.’ definition that remains unchanged until DRAE 1992 when it changes to ‘punto culminante de un proceso’ (also in DRAE 2001). Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  22. 3. Specialised meanings 3.1 A meaning may be represented by several lexical units Unlabelled definition auge apogeo s. XIII s. XV s. XVII s. XVIII s. XX s. XXI Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  23. 3. Specialised meanings 3.2 A lexical unit gathers several meanings • This may happen under different circumstances: a) general language → specialised language b) specialised language → general language c) specialised language 1→ specialised language 2 Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  24. 3. Specialised meanings 3.2 A lexical unit gathers several meanings a) general language → specialised language • Expansion of meaning and restriction on the use • Words such as • edad, • dignidad, • casa, • madre acquire a specialised meaning in medieval Astronomy texts, so new definitions are needed FIELD LABEL Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  25. 3. Specialised meanings 3.2 A lexical unit gathers several meanings a) general language → specialised language EDAD Encyclopedia, El libro de las propiedades de las cosas, translated into Spanish by Vicente de Burgos in 1494, [PROP] «Segund las diversas edades de la Luna se mueven los umores y las enfermedades en el cuerpo» [PROP 127v] ‘fase, cada uno de los aspectos que muestran los planetas según la posición del Sol’. Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  26. 3. Specialised meanings 3.2 A lexical unit gathers several meanings a) general language → specialised language DIGNIDAD «Por esto los astrólogos en sus juizios juzgan y consideran segund la exaltación de los signos y la dinidad de las planetas segund la señoría que ellas han en las casas» [PROP 120v] ‘condición que fortalece la influencia de un planeta’. Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  27. 3. Specialised meanings 3.2 A lexical unit gathers several meanings a) general language → specialised language CASA: polysemic in Astronomy a) ‘cada una de las doce divisiones del zodiaco que representan doce sectores de la vida cotidiana y/o relaciones’ [Synonyms: mansión, signo] «E este signo es la casa de vida y de la navidad del ombre» [PROP 121r] Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  28. 3. Specialised meanings 3.2 A lexical unit gathers several meanings a) general language → specialised language CASA: polysemic in Astronomy b) ‘regente, signo del zodiaco donde un planeta rige o gobierna’ [Synonyms: mesón, morada] «cada una planeta en su casa ha cinco virtudes y a los grados de su exaltación ha cuatro» [PROP 120v] Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  29. 3. Specialised meanings 3.2 A lexical unit gathers several meanings a) general language → specialised language MADRE ‘en el astrolabio, disco con la latitud local’ http://www.astrolabes.org/parts.htm Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  30. 3. Specialised meanings 3.2 A lexical unit gathers several meanings a) general language → specialised language Madre del astrolabio (mater) Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history April 2013

  31. 3. Specialised meanings 3.2 A lexical unit gathers several meanings b) specialised language → general language • Lexical units from a given domain may be used in general language under a new meaning, without losing the labelled definition • Examples: auge & apogeo (not exactly) Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  32. 3. Specialised meanings 3.2 A lexical unit gathers several meanings b) specialised language → general language ECUADOR ‘círculo máximo que divide la esfera celeste o terrestre en dos partes iguales’ (Astr.) «Los astrónomos buscaban la posible existencia de cambios sistemáticos en la velocidad del material en movimiento por debajo de la superficie solar […]. Esta búsqueda sistemática se hizo en la región comprendida entre la superficie solar hasta aproximadamente la mitad de la distancia hasta el núcleo del Sol y desde el ecuador hasta los polos solares» (CREA (2000) Ias noticias, nº 47) Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  33. 3. Specialised meanings 3.2 A lexical unit gathers several meanings b) specialised language → general language ECUADOR ‘halfway point of a process’ (unlabelled) « Es el “ministro canario” que el entonces candidato a La Moncloa, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, prometió a los enfervorizados asistentes a los mítines de Las Palmas y Tenerife en el ecuador de la campaña electoral» (CREA (01/04/2004) El País) Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  34. 3. Specialised meanings 3.2 A lexical unit gathers several meanings b) specialised language → general language CENIT (DRAE) 1. m. Astr. Intersección de la vertical de un lugar con la esfera celeste, por encima de la cabeza del observador «En la ciudad de México, las máximas oscilaciones térmicas no se registran cerca del solsticio de verano, sino en el mes de mayo, debido a que en esa fecha el Sol pasa por el cenit a la latitud de esta ciudad, […] » (CREA (1996) Ayllón, Teresa). Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  35. 3. Specialised meanings 3.2 A lexical unit gathers several meanings b) specialised language → general language CENIT (DRAE) 2. m. Punto culminante o momento de apogeo de alguien o algo (unlabelled) «Fue, sin embargo, Abandonated masquerade, tema compuesto también por Costello, la canción que marcó el cenit en esta corta actuación vespertina» (CREA (01/04/2004)El País). Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  36. 3. Specialised meanings 3.2 A lexical unit gathers several meanings c) specialised language1→ specialised language 2 • Lexical units used in a specialized domain that end up being used in another one • theoretical or methodological proximity • Geometry → theoretical Astronomy • esfera • círculo • arco • ángulo • trino • sextil Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  37. 3. Specialised meanings 3.2 A lexical unit gathers several meanings c) specialised language1→ specialised language 2 Astronomy →Politics REVOLUCIÓN ‘movimiento circular de un planeta alrededor de la Tierra’. Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  38. Originally, revolution meant in Spanish, as in other Western languages, the orbit the stars describe in the universe and, by extension, the movement that takes things back to their natural starting point. From the seventeenth century, however, the term had been gaining a new political and historical sense, indicative of the full turn of a society that, by an abrupt change of regime, was carried towards forms of freedom that had lost over time. [...] True to its original meaning, the concept of revolution closes the nineteenth century partly returning to its roots, forming a powerful tandem with the idea of ​​regeneration and providing a lever to a project of change that has a strong nationalist and historicist taste. [...] In the 12th ed. DRAE (1884), scholars finally decided that the meaning headed the term traditionally (“complete turn of a planet [...] around a center”) moved to the last place. This small change in the official lexicon comes to recognize, quite late, an unquestionable sociolinguistic fact: with all its ambiguities and polysemy, the political and social meaning had eclipsed the original astronomical meaning in favour of the common usage of the word revolution (Fernandez and Fuentes 2002: sv revolución)

  39. The dividing line between the specialised lexical units and the common ones is faint Constant swap of words from specialised communication to standard, and vice versa ecuador, cenit, casa, madre, edad Similarly, it is difficult to establish boundaries between different areas of knowledge and their vocabulary esfera, círculo, revolución. 4. Summing up Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  40. 4. Summing up From a historical point of view, swapping and usage restrictions get multiplied It is the job of a historical dictionary to account for the life of terms, words and concepts through the years give account of all the words, whether polysemic or not, found in the corpus of selected texts there is no limit on the incorporation of words or terms. Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  41. 4. Summing up A historical dictionary could show the changes that affect the meaning of the units prove its pertaining to a field of knowledge over time offer all this information orderly, with corpus as backup in the study of the history of the language and concepts. Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  42. 4. Summing up A historical dictionary could reflect the general and specialised meanings in an entry, marked thanks to a field label tell the user the restriction to a particular context and to a certain time in order to show possible changes or developments suffered by words and meanings. Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  43. 4. Summing up An online historical dictionary bears the importance of labelling systems for they become a key element to information retrieval. Using labelling systems on digital format dictionaries opens a new ways to retrieve information, almost custom-made to the user: semasiological, from headwords to meanings (in use or archaic); or onomasiological, select a concept and get all the different units that have represented it or the network of concepts and lexical units that express knowledge within a domain. Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  44. Swapping (interchange, trade, barter, exchange) terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history

  45. Gracias por su atención Thank you Merci beaucoup Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013

  46. References Swapping terms: the life of scientific vocabulary through history May 2013 Chabás, José/ Goldstein, Bernard R. (2003): The Alfonsine Tables of Toledo. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Corrientes, Federico (1999): Diccionario de arabismos y voces afines en iberorromance. Madrid: Gredos. Diccionario Oxford-Complutense de Astronomía (1999): Ian Ridpath (ed.). Madrid: Editorial Complutense. Fernández Sebastián, Javier/ Fuentes, Juan Francisco (dirs.) (2002): Diccionario político y social del siglo XIX. Madrid: Alianza Editorial García Franco, Salvador (1945): Catálogo crítico de astrolabios existentes en España. Madrid: CSIC- Instituto de la Marina Gómez Martínez, Marta (2006): Sacrobosco en castellano. Salamanca: Universidad (ed. en CD). Kasten, Lloyd A./ Nitti, John J. (2002): Diccionario de la prosa castellana del Rey Alfonso X. Nueva Cork: The Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies. REAL ACADEMIA ESPAÑOLA: Banco de datos (CORDE) [en línea]. Corpus diacrónico del español. En: <http://www.rae.es> (10.10.2007) REAL ACADEMIA ESPAÑOLA: Banco de datos (CREA) [en línea]. Corpus de referencia del español actual. En: <http://www.rae.es> (10.10.2007) REAL ACADEMIA ESPAÑOLA: Nuevo tesoro lexicográfico de la lengua española (2001). Madrid: Espasa (ed. en DVD) Sánchez, Mª Nieves/ Herrera, Mª Teresa (1999): Texto y concordancia electrónicos del Libro de las Propiedades de las cosas de Bartolomé de Glanville (BNM I-1884). Madison: HSMS (ed. en CD).

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