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French Revolution

French Revolution. 1789-1799. 5 Stages of the French Revolution. Stage One Spring and Summer of 1789 Meeting of the Estates-General Storming of the Bastille The Great Fear Stage Two 1789-1791 National Assembly Declaration of the Rights of Man Constitution of 1791 Stage Three

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French Revolution

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  1. French Revolution 1789-1799

  2. 5 Stages of the French Revolution • Stage One • Spring and Summer of 1789 • Meeting of the Estates-General • Storming of the Bastille • The Great Fear • Stage Two • 1789-1791 • National Assembly • Declaration of the Rights of Man • Constitution of 1791 • Stage Three • 1791-1792 • Legislative Assembly • Emergence of 3 political groups • September Massacre • Stage Four • 1792-1795 • National Convention • Reign of Terror • Committee of Public Safety • Thermodorian Reaction • Stage Five • 1795-1799 • Directory • Coup d’etat

  3. Causes of the French Revolution • Old Regime • Left over feudal social system from the Middle Ages • Third Estate (lowest class) • heavily taxed • No rights • poor

  4. Causes • Enlightenment Ideas • Enlightened figures questioned why so few held so much power • Ideas of equality, liberty, democracy spread among the Third Estate • Inspired by the American Revolution

  5. Causes • Economic Woes • Once prosperous economy failing • Population expanding rapidly • Cost of living on the rise • Heavy taxation • Widespread crop failures • Debt due to support of American Revolution

  6. Causes • Weak Leader • King Louis XVI indecisive • “out to lunch” • Married to Marie Antoinette • “Madame Deficit” • Wanted to tax 2nd Estate to save economy

  7. Old Regime • Estate=social class • Three estates • First Estate • Catholic Church Clergy • Types of jobs? • Bishops, abbots, priests • What was their % of France’s population? • 1-2% of population • Did they pay any taxes? • No • Paid “free gift” of 2% of income to the king

  8. Old Regime • Second Estate • Nobility • What types of job? • Military officials • Court officers • What % of population? • 2% of the population • Did they pay taxes? • NO

  9. Old Regime • Third Estate • % of population? • 97% of the population • Did they pay taxes? • All of France’s taxes • Bourgeoisie • Jobs? • Doctors, lawyers, bankers, merchants • Urban Working Class (sans-culottes) • Jobs? • Blacksmith, baker, servant, peddler • Peasants • Jobs? • Farmers • Homeless and poor • Paid “corvee” • Working tax

  10. Stage One-Spring 1789 • Calling of the Estates-General May 5, 1789 • Topic: Should nobility pay taxes to reduce economic crisis? • Voting System • Each estate gets 1 vote total • 1st and 2nd estates vote the same • Third Estate demanded a direct vote—told no and eventually dismissed from meeting • Estates-General voted against nobility paying taxes • In protest, 3rd Estate refuses to leave and locks themselves into Tennis Court to define their protest

  11. Stage One- Spring 1789 • Creation of the National Assembly • June 17, 1789 • Members of 3rd Estate voted to end the absolute monarchy • Intent on creating a representative government • Signed their pact on June 20, 1789-Tennis Court Oath

  12. Stage One-Summer of 1789 • Storming of the Bastille • July 14, 1789 • Parisians storm the largest prison in France in protest to King Louis XVI’s placement of Swiss troops in Paris • Parisians storm the prison’s magazine to gain ammunition and released all prisoners • 7 political prisoners • Symbolic event of French independence

  13. Stage One-Summer 1789 • The Great Fear • Wave of panic sweeps over countryside • Peasant fear noble terrorization so they lash out • Burn noble’s homes • Destroy nobles financial books

  14. Stage One-Summer 1789 • Woman’s March on Versailles • Parisian women marched to Versailles to bring Louis and Marie back to Paris • They were successful • – Louis XVI and his family will never return to Versailles

  15. Stage Two-National Assembly • Created in Fall of 1789 • Created and lead by bourgeoisie members • Wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen • Goal was to restructure French government • Constitutional Monarchy • Held elections for new representative body

  16. Stage Three-Legislative Assembly • Legislative Assembly made up of elected representatives • Goals: • implement and uphold the Constitution of 1791 • Tackle food shortages, debt, cries for more freedoms • Plagued with disagreements the Assembly splits into 3 political groups: Radicals Moderates Conservatives

  17. Stage Three-Legislative Assembly RADICALS • “left-wing” • Opposed the king and idea of a monarchy • Wanted sweeping changes • Proposed a Republic • Used violence • Peasants, intellectuals, urban working class MODERATES • “centrists” • Wanted some changes but not as many as radicals • Believed power should not be in the hands of the masses • Bourgeoisie CONSERVATIVES • “right-wing” • Upheld idea of limited monarchy • Wanted few or no changes • Bourgeoisie and some nobility

  18. StageThree-Legislative Assembly • Monarchies around Europe feared revolutionary ideas may spread • Austria states support for Louis XVI and threatened to invade • Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria • What is significant about the relationship of Louis XVI and the Austrian Emperor? • France now has domestic and foreign conflicts

  19. Stage Three-Legislative Assembly • Radicals begin to dominate Legislative Assembly • July 25, 1792: Radicals capture Louis XVI and family and put in a stone tower in Paris • September Massacre (September 1792) • French troops leaving Paris to fight Austrians • Parisians fear less troops will allow captured nobles to escape and regain control • Radicals lead raid on imprisoned nobles and clergy and kill 1000’s

  20. Stage Three-Legislative Assembly • Radicals take over Legislative Assembly • Ends limited monarchy and Constitution of 1791 • Louis XVI deposed as king • Legislative Assembly dissolved

  21. Stage Four-National Convention • Takes over after Legislative Assembly-September 21, 1792 • Made up of radical leaders from the Jacobin Club • Supported a REPUBLIC • 3 Main Leaders: • Maximilien Robespierre – “The Incorruptible” • Jean Paul Marat-writer, newspaper editor • George Danton-great orator

  22. Stage Four-National Convention • CHANGES: • Abolished monarchy and declared France a REPUBLIC • All adult males could vote and hold office • Louis XVI=common citizen • Citizen Army • 1793- First Coalition takes on France • GB, Holland, Spain, Austria and Prussia • National Convention holds a draft • By 1794, 800,000 men and WOMEN fighting to protect France

  23. Stage Four- National Convention • “REPUBLIC OF VIRTURE” • Goal: to create a republic based on the virtues of “LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY” To lead a “virtuous” life, one must change his ways… -No signs of monarchy allowed -no face cards in deck of cards -closed churches --- seen as a threat to authority -Changed calendar -eliminated Sundays -10 day weeks, 30 day months -changed names of months to represent climate -1789=year 1

  24. Stage Four-National Convention • REIGN OF TERROR “The first maxim of our politics ought to be to lead the people by means of reason and the enemies of the people by terror.” ~Robespierre Goal: use terror to enforce the Republic’s virtues Committee of Public Safety -created and lead by Robespierre -seek out enemies of the Republic -try and execute enemies of the Republic in an equal manner -3000 Parisians and 40,ooo executed by the guillotine alone; mostly 3rd Estate Infamous executions : Louis XVI-King of France Marie Antoinette-Queen of France George Danton-a leader of National Convention

  25. Stage Four-National Convention • Guillotine • Device created by Dr. Guillotin as a means to an enlightened execution without prejudice • How might the guillotine be an enlightened form of execution?

  26. Execution of Louis XVI • Louis XVI-King of France • Executed Jan 21, 1793 • Said to have cried like a baby as he climbed the scaffolding • Symbolic event signifying the emergence of a true radical republic

  27. Execution of George Danton • George Danton • A leader of National Convention and close friend and confidant of Robespierre • Executed by guillotine in spring of 1794 • Considered not RADICAL enough!!

  28. Execution of Marie Antoinette • Marie Antoinette- Queen of France • Executed on Oct. 16, 1793 • Was never liked by the people of France • Was executed as a traitor for conspiring against France with her brother the Emperor of Austria

  29. Murder of Jean Paul Marat • Jean Paul Marat • Writer and publisher of “The Friend of the People” • Murdered in his bath tub on July 13, 1793 • Murdered by woman that feared his ideas too radical • Wanted an end to unnecessary violence

  30. Radicals Too Radical? • How does this cartoon depict the “arms” of the radicals? • By the people represented in the cartoon…what might be the cartoonist’s opinion of the “radicals”?

  31. Stage Four-National Convention • Even the Radicals had enough • National Convention leaders secretly organize the arrest and execution of Robespierre • July 24, 1794-Thermodorian Reaction

  32. End of National Convention • After Robespierre’s execution, National Convention leaders rally to create a more “moderate” government structure. • Convention remains in place until the new structure is created and new members elected • This will become the 5th and final stage… THE DIRECTORY

  33. Stage Five-The Directory • 1795- members of defunct National Convention create new “moderate” government • Still have many economic and social problems to tackle • Made up of MODERATES, mostly bourgeoisie • Corrupted; enriched themselves at the public’s expense • Structure: • 2 House Legislature • 5 Executive members

  34. Stage Five-The Directory • Somewhat successful • Created sense of order and stability throughout France • Responsible for the rise of France’s greatest military mastermind… NAPOLEON BONAPARTE Napoleon will overthrow the Directory in November of 1799.

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