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DENGUE FEVER

DENGUE FEVER. NWOGBAGA IFEANYI ADRIAN #1270. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Definition History Causes/Virology Epidemiology Signs and Symptoms Diagnosis Transmission Prevention Treatment. DEFINITION.

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DENGUE FEVER

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  1. DENGUE FEVER NWOGBAGA IFEANYI ADRIAN #1270

  2. TABLE OF CONTENTS • Definition • History • Causes/Virology • Epidemiology • Signs and Symptoms • Diagnosis • Transmission • Prevention • Treatment

  3. DEFINITION • Dengue fever also known as breakbone fever, is a mosquito-bornetropical diseasecaused by the Dengue virus. • Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle andjoint pains, and a characteristic skin rash that is similar to measles. • In a small proportion of cases the disease develops into the life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever, resulting in bleeding, low levels of blood platelets and blood plasma leakage, or into dengue shock syndrome, where dangerously low blood pressure occurs.

  4. HISTORY • The first record of a case of probable dengue fever is in a Chinese medical encyclopedia from the Jin Dynasty (265–420 AD) which referred to a "water poison" associated with flying insects.  • The primary vector, A. aegypti, spread out of Africa in the 15th to 19th centuries due in part to increased globalization secondary to the slave trade.  • There have been descriptions of epidemics in the 17th century, but the most plausible early reports of dengue epidemics are from 1779 and 1780, when an epidemic swept across Asia, Africa and North America .

  5. In 1906, transmission by the Aedes mosquitoes was confirmed, and in 1907 dengue was the second disease (after yellow fever) that was shown to be caused by a virus. • By the 1970s, it had become a major cause of child mortality and had emerged in the Pacific and the Americas

  6. CAUSES/VIROLOGY • Dengue fever virus (DENV) is anRNA virusof the • FamilyFlaviviridae; • GenusFlavivirus. • Other members of the same genus include:yellow fever virus,West Nile virus,St. Louis encephalitis virus,Japanese encephalitis virus,tick-borne encephalitis virus,Kyasanur forest disease virus, andOmsk hemorrhagic fever virus. • Most are transmitted byarthropods(mosquitoes orticks), and are therefore also referred to asarboviruses(arthropod-borne viruses)

  7. EPIDEMIOLOGY • Dengue is endemic in more than 110 countries. •  It infects 50 to 528 million people worldwide a year, leading to half a million hospitalizations, and approximately 25,000 deaths. For the decade of the 2000s, 12 countries in Southeast Asia were estimated to have about 3 million infections and 6,000 deaths annually. • It is reported in at least 22 countries in Africa; but is likely present in all of them with 20% of the population at risk. • Dengue fever, which was once confined to Southeast Asia, has now spread to Southern China, countries in the Pacific Ocean and America,and might pose a threat to Europe.

  8. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS • Typically, people infected with dengue virus areasymptomatic(80%) or only have mild symptoms such as an uncomplicated fever. • Others have more severe illness (5%), and in a small proportion it is life-threatening. • Theincubation period(time between exposure and onset of symptoms) ranges from 3–14 days, but most often it is 4–7 days.Therefore, travelers returning from endemic areas are unlikely to have dengue if fever or other symptoms start more than 14days after arriving home.

  9. Children often experience symptoms similar to those of thecommon coldandgastroenteritis(vomiting and diarrhea)and have a greater risk of severe complications • Though initial symptoms are generally mild but include high fever Symptoms includefever,headache,muscleandjoint pains, and a characteristicskin rashthat issimilar to measles. • In a small proportion of cases the disease develops into the life-threateningdengue hemorrhagic fever, resulting inbleeding,low levels of blood plateletsand blood plasma leakage, or intodengue shock syndrome, wheredangerously low blood pressureoccurs.

  10. DIAGNOSIS

  11. The diagnosis of dengue fever may be confirmed by microbiological laboratory testing. This can be done by virus isolation in cell cultures, nucleic acid detection by PCR, viral antigen detection (such as for NS1) or specific antibodies (serology). •  Tests for dengue virus-specific antibodies, types IgG and IgM, can be useful in confirming a diagnosis in the later stages of the infection. Both IgG and IgM are produced after 5–7 days.

  12. The highest levels (titres) of IgM are detected following a primary infection, but IgM is also produced in reinfection. • IgM becomes undetectable 30–90 days after a primary infection, but earlier following re-infections. IgG, by contrast, remains detectable for over 60 years and, in the absence of symptoms, is a useful indicator of past infection. • In a person with symptoms, the detection of IgM is considered diagnostic.

  13. TRANSMISSION

  14. Dengue virus is primarily transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, particularly A. aegypti. They typically bite during the day, particularly in the early morning and in the evening, but they are able to bite and thus spread infection at any time of day all during the year.  • Other Aedes species that transmit the disease include A. albopictus, A. polynesiensis and A. scutellaris.  • Humans are the primary host of the virus,but it also circulates in nonhuman primates. • An infection can be acquired via a single bite. • Dengue can also be transmitted via infected blood products and through organ donation. • Vertical transmission (from mother to child) during pregnancy or at birth has been reported. 

  15. PREVENTION

  16. There are no approvedvaccinesfor the dengue virus. • The primary method of controllingA. aegyptiis by eliminating itshabitats.This is done by getting rid of open collections of water through environmental modification. • People can prevent mosquito bites by wearing clothing that fully covers the skin, usingmosquito nettingwhile resting, and/or the application of insect repellent(DEETbeing the most effective). • However, these methods appear not to be sufficiently effective, as the frequency of outbreaks appears to be increasing in some areas, probably due to urbanization, increasing the habitat ofA. aegypti. The range of the disease appears to be expanding possibly due to climate change, sources of water, etc.

  17. TREATMENT

  18. There are no specific antiviral drugs for dengue, however maintaining proper fluid balance is important. Treatment depends on symptoms. • Those with severe dengue care should be provided in an area where there is access to an intensive care unit. • Intravenous hydration, if required, is typically only needed for one or two days. •  Invasive medical procedures such as nasogastric intubation, intramuscular injections and arterial punctures are avoided, in view of the bleeding risk.

  19. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is used for fever and discomfort while NSAIDs such as ibuprofen and aspirin are avoided as they might aggravate the risk of bleeding. • Blood transfusion is initiated early in people presenting with unstable vital signs in the face of a decreasing hematocrit. • Packed red blood cells or whole blood are recommended, while platelets and fresh frozen plasma are usually not.  • Corticosteroids do not appear to affect outcomes and may cause harm, thus are not recommended

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