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Notes for Quiz

Notes for Quiz. Producers. Sunlight is the main energy source for life on Earth Only a few organisms can use chemical compounds as their energy source Autotrophs : organisms that use energy from the environment to produce their own food. Ex. All plants, some bacteria, and some algae.

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Notes for Quiz

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  1. Notes for Quiz

  2. Producers • Sunlight is the main energy source for life on Earth • Only a few organisms can use chemical compounds as their energy source • Autotrophs: organisms that use energy from the environment to produce their own food. • Ex. All plants, some bacteria, and some algae.

  3. Producers • Autotrophs are also called producers. • Plants make their own food through Photosynthesis • Organisms that produce their own food from chemicals are called chemoautotrophs and use the process of chemosynthesis. (Bacteria)

  4. Consumers • Organisms (animal, fungi, many bacteria) that annot make their own food must eat other organisms that can! • Heterotrophs: organisms that rely on organisms for energy and food.

  5. Consumers • Types of consumers: • Herbivores • Carnivores • Omnivores • Detritivores – feed on dead plant and animal matter (Detritus) • Decomposers – break down organic matter.

  6. Feeding Relationships • Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction: • Sun  autotrophs (producers)  heterotrophs (consumers) • The energy stored by producers is passed through an ecosystem through a food chain: a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. • Ex. In Marine food chains, producers are algae, eaten by plankton, eaten by fish, etc.

  7. Feeding Relationships • Food Webs: links many food chains together • Complex feeding network in an ecosystem

  8. Feeding Relationship • Trophic Levels • Each step in a food chain or Food Web • EX. Producer  1st Level

  9. Ecological Pyramid • Three types of pyramids in ecology: • Energy pyramid • Only about 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the nest trophic level. (Organisms use most energy for respiration, movement, reproduction, etc.)

  10. The Niche • Niche: the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions • A niche includes: • The type of food an organism eats • How it obtains food • Temperature required to survive • When and how reproduction occurs • And many more things! • No two organisms can occupy the same niche in the same habitat

  11. The Niche Cape May Warbler Feeds at the tips of branches near the top of the tree Bay-Breasted Warbler Feeds in the middle part of the tree Yellow-Rumped Warbler Feeds in the lower part of the tree and at the bases of the middle branches Spruce tree

  12. Community Interaction • When organisms live together in a community, they constantly interact. These interactions (such as predation, competition, and symbiosis) greatly affect an ecosystem.

  13. Community Interactions • Competition: • Occurs when organisms try to use the same resources at the same time and place • Resource: any necessity of life (ex. Food) • Competitive exclusion principle: no two organism can occupy the same niche in the same habitat • One will always have a reproductive advantage over the other (even if very small) and will “win” over the other  survive and pass on their genes!!!

  14. Community Interaction • Predation • Predation: an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism • Predator vs. Prey • Symbiosis: • Symbiosis: any relationship in which two species live closely together • 3 main classes of symbiotic relationships: • Mutualism: Both Species benefit • Ex. Mycorrhizae • Commensalism: One benefits, the other is neither helped nor harmed • Parasitism: one benefits, the other is harmed • Ex. Tapeworms in mammal intestine.

  15. Population Growth • Three factors can affect population size: • The number of births • The number of deaths • The number of individuals leaving or entering the population • A population is growing when its birthrate is greater than its death rate.

  16. Population Growth • The movement of Individuals also affect population size. • Immigration: The movement of individuals to an area • Emigration: The movement of individuals out of an area • What might cause the movement of individuals either to or from and area? • Food Supply • Finding a mate

  17. Exponential Growth • Exponential growth: occurs when individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate • A population will grow exponentially under ideal conditions: • No predation • Plenty of Food and Space • The graph of a population growing exponentially: • J-shaped Curve • Bacteria often grow exponentially

  18. Exponential Growth Curve

  19. Logistic Growth • Logistic Growth: occurs when a population’s growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growth • Takes into account a limited amount of resources • Graph of Logistic Growth: • S-shaped Curve • The largest number of individuals that a given environment can support is called the carrying capacity.

  20. Limits to Population Growth • What causes population size to decrease? • Limiting Factors: a factor that causes population growth to decrease • Examples of Limiting Factors: • Competition • Predation • Parasitism • Drought (or other climate extremes) • Human Disturbances

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