Course and Conduct of WWI reference Chapter 23

1. Course and Conduct of WWIreference Chapter 23 How was WWI different from earlier wars?

2. Selective Service Act - 1917 • 100,000 volunteer army • draft men 21-30 • 24 million register • 2.8 million drafted • government campaign to encourage enlistment

3. AEF fights in Europe • American Expeditionary Force • 2 million troops in Europe by summer of 1918. • Most troops fought under American command • 1st US troops in Europe

5. African-Americans have a more prominent role • segregated • limited training for black officers • 369th Regiment

6. New Technologies change the nature and consequences of war New technologies + Old tactics = Devastation

7. Artillery • machine guns • howitzers • Big Berthas • Use of long-range artillery encourages trench warfare

8. “Big Bertha” pictures Krupps

9. Machine Gun • 600 bullets per minute

10. Airplanes and Zeppelins

11. Battleships and U-boats By early 1914 the Royal Navy had 18 modern dreadnoughts (6 more under construction), 10 battlecruisers, 20 town cruisers, 15 scout cruisers, 200 destroyers, 29 battleships (pre-dreadnought design) and 150 cruisers built before 1907.

13. War At Sea

14. Travelers intending to embark on Atlantic voyages are reminded that a state of war exists between Germany and her Allies and Great Britain and her Allies; that the zone of war includes the waters adjacent to the British Isles; that in accordance with the formal notice given by the Imperial German Government vessels flying the flag of Great Britain or her Allies are liable to destruction in those waters, and that travelers sailing in the war zone on ships of Great Britain or her Allies do so at their own risk." • Imperial German Embassy, Washington, D.C., April 22, 1915

15. Sea Mines

16. Tank

17. Improved Flamethrowers

18. Poison gas • phosgene • mustard • chlorine

19. Trench Warfare see diagram p.297

20. Key Events Before US involvement • Series of brutal and, ultimately, futile battles • Battle of the Somme • 60,000 casualties in a day • success measured in inches/feet • Stalemate continues • Germany renews unrestricted submarine warfare • Sinks supply ship SS Illinois

21. Important Event as US arrives to enter the war • The Russian Revolution • Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks assume power and sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, peace with Germany. (Dec.-Mar. 1918) • Freed Germany from 2-front war • US troops arrive in the nick if time!

24. Germany’s renewal of unrestricted sub warfare targets American ships in the war zone

25. Key events following US entry • By 1918, all sides were planning offensives • German offensive is stalled by mid-Spring • Effective control of the seas by Britain and U.S. depletes German resources • U.S. and Britain employ convoys against u-boats • 1st American offensives May 1918 • American forces join Brits/French at 2nd Battle of Marne by summer 1918

27. Meuse-Argonne Offensive begins Sept. 1918 • 1 million American soldiers participate • 6 weeks • push Germans back to their last defensive position • capture control of the Sedan Railroad • supplies more than half of all materials to German front • See map in text p. 300 • Convinces Germany to agree to a truce

28. Armistice • Fall 1918, Central powers begin to collapse/surrender • Kaiser Wilhelm (Germany) is overthrown-new republic formed. • New government signed an armistice November 11, 1918 11 a.m. “Armistice Day”

29. 10 million soldiers killed/20 million wounded • 10 million civilian deaths • 110,000 American deaths • Estimated cost: $185 billion

30. Your task • Using chart p. 300 “Estimated WWI Casualties” • Create a bar graph of the chart info. • Following your spiral notes, write a 1 paragraph response to the essential question: How was World War I different from previous wars?

31. Champs d'HonneurErnest Hemingway Soldiers never do die well;Crosses mark the places-Wooden Crosses where they fell,Stuck above their faces.Soldiers pitch and cough and twitch-All the world roars red and black;Soldiers smother in a ditch,Choking through the whole attack.

32. The Home Front How did Americans on the home front support or oppose the war?

33. Mobilization • The Draft – 9 million registered • 3 million • Volunteers – 2 million • Increased production • fuel, ships, weapons, food • governing boards oversee the economy

34. “The Great Migration” • Pull factor =Job opportunities in the factories of the North • Push Factor = poverty, Jim Crow, lynching terrorism

35. Propaganda Campaigns(important element of total war theory) • CPI (Committee on Public Information) • George Creel • “4-Minute Men”

36. Increased the number of people paying the new income tax 437,000 in 1917 4.4 million in 1918 Liberty Bond Drives Bond = loan with interest Financing the War

37. Opposition to the War • Many women • Jeanette Rankin (1st woman rep. in Congress) • “You can no more win a war than you can win an earthquake.” • Women’s Peace Party • Quakers/Pacifists • Socialists • Opponents of big business • “command of gold” • profiteering Conscientious objectors

38. The Suppression of Dissent • Espionage Act 1917 • crime to interfere with the draft, • “obstruct…the war effort” • Schenck v. US (1919) • Sedition Act 1918 • Restricts freedom of speech • “disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive” of government • Other restrictions on speech and action • 2,000 prosecutions • including Eugene Debs (10 years) • Public persecution of Germans