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Understanding Translation and Mutations in Genetics

Explore the process of translation, from code conversion to polypeptide formation in the cytoplasm involving tRNA, mRNA, and ribosomes. Learn about the ribosome's functions, steps of translation, and types of mutations like point and frameshift mutations, their impacts, including cancer risk. Discover which mutation type poses a greater danger.

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Understanding Translation and Mutations in Genetics

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  1. How Genes Work 14.1 Translation

  2. What is translation? • Conversion of code to polypeptide • Happens in cytoplasm • Players • tRNA • Anticodon • mRNA • Ribosomes

  3. What does the ribosome do? • Two parts to ribosome • 60S, 40S subunits (eukaryotes) • 50S, 30S subunits (prokaryotes) • Polyribosomes

  4. What are the three steps of translation? • Initiation • Elongation • Termination

  5. What happens in initiation? • Small subunit attaches at start codon • First tRNA arrives at P site • Large subunit attaches

  6. What happens in elongation? • Second tRNA arrives at A site • P site tRNA transfers amino acids to A site • Ribosome shifts to open A site • “old” tRNA released at E site

  7. What happens in termination? • Ribosome reaches stop codon • Release factor attaches • Subunits detach

  8. How Genes Work 14.2 Mutations

  9. What is a mutation? • Permanent change in DNA sequence • Can cause cancer • Carcinogenesis • Carcinogens vs. mutagens • Two types of mutations • Point • Frameshift

  10. What is a point mutation? • Substitution of wrong nucleotide

  11. What is a frameshift mutation? • Original: • THE BIG FLY HAD ONE RED EYE. • Point mutation: • THE BIT FLY HAD ONE RED EYE. • Frame shift mutation: • Addition: • THE BIT GFL YHA DON ERE DEY E. • Deletion: • THE BIF LYH ADO NER EDE YE. • Which is more dangerous?

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