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Lecture Exam Monday

Lecture Exam Monday. 100 point exam covers lectures, assigned readings 8-12 short answer questions; 4-6 pts ea complete, concise answer ex: definition; short description 3-5 longer questions; 10-15 pts ea Finish by 2:55--budget time Power Point lectures on blackboard

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Lecture Exam Monday

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  1. Lecture Exam Monday • 100 point exam • covers lectures, assigned readings • 8-12 short answer questions; 4-6 pts ea • complete, concise answer • ex: definition; short description • 3-5 longer questions; 10-15 pts ea • Finish by 2:55--budget time • Power Point lectures on blackboard • Chapters:1, 2, 12, 13, 3, 14, 4, 15, 5 end

  2. 4. Swim bladder • low density • adjustable • most bony fishes • lost secondarily in some species end

  3. Two types of swim bladders: • Physostomous • pneumatic duct • soft-rayed teleosts--herrings, salmonids, catfishes, cyprinids, eels, etc. • Physoclistous • blood/circulatory system • spiney-rayed teleosts--Acanthopterygii, sunfishes, perch, most marine fishes end

  4. Effects of depth on swim bladder volume • pressure increases 1 ATM/10m • swim bladder must be adjustable • Physostomous fishes adjust volume by gulping or spitting air. • mostly shallow water species • gas-spitting reflex • gulp air at surface end

  5. Physoclistous inflation/deflation • circulatory system--source of gases • rete mirabile (wonderful net) --inflation • oval window--deflation • Problem: fish need greater pressure in swim bladder than is achieved by equilibrium with blood gases end

  6. O2 O2 O2 gills rete Oxygen equilibrium—swim bladder inflation hemoglobin How are high pressures achieved? DO plasma gaseous O2 water swim bladder blood end

  7. lactic acid Bohr & Root afferent blood efferent blood Counter-current multiplication system Diagram of basic functional unit of rete (inflation) O2heme pO2 O2heme 1 pO2 pO2 swim bladder O2heme pO2  end

  8. Function of Rete Mirabile 1. Hemoglobin saturated with O2 (O2heme) plasma O2 low (p O2) end

  9. lactic acid afferent blood efferent blood Counter-current multiplication system O2heme pO2 O2heme 1 2 pO2 pO2 swim bladder O2heme pO2  end

  10. Function of Rete Mirabile 2. Lactic Acid Secretions heme dumps O2to plasma pO2diffuses into swim bladder to equil. end

  11. lactic acid afferent blood efferent blood Counter-current multiplication system O2heme pO2 O2heme 1 2 pO2 pO2 swim bladder O2heme pO2  3 end

  12. Function of Rete Mirabile 3. Multiplying effect: pO2 diffuses from efferent capillary to afferent cap. Longer capillaries yield more efficient exchange of oxygen, higher pressures end

  13. Summary of what happens to O2 • Steady supply of oxygen in • Little or none leaves • PO2 accum. in plasma • Diffusion into SB O2 O2 end

  14. Physoclistous swim bladder • Pressures up to 300 ATM in some deep sea fishes • Gases mostly O2, some CO2 and N2 • Guanine crystals in SB wall reduce permeability • Deflation occurs at oval window • dense bed of capillaries on SB wall • gasses diffuse into blood • mucus layer covers window during inflation end

  15. Summary: • Diffusion of O2; controlled by structure & function • Relationship O2 bound to hemoglobin versus O2 in plasma • Effect of pH on affinity/capacity of hemoglobin for O2 (Bohr & Root) • Counter-current multiplier • length of capillaries • counter-current flow of blood end

  16. end

  17. Thermoregulation: • Cold-blooded -poor descriptor • Poikilotherm (n); poikilothermic (adj) • variable body temperature • opposite = homeotherm • Ectotherm (n); ectothermic (adj) • temp. determined by environment • opposite = endotherm end

  18. Heat generated by metabolism skin body gills skin Why are fishes ectothermic? end

  19. Behavioral Thermoregulation • nearly all fishes • choose from available temperatures • concept of temperature preference end

  20. Temperature Preference: 40 final preferendum 10 10 40 bluegill Preferred temperature C guppy chum salmon Acclimation temperature C end

  21. Physiological Thermoregulation • few fishes--tunas & lamnid sharks • fish are active --generate heat • rete mirabile for heat exchange & conserv. • fish are large--low surface area to mass ratio • body surf. area increases as square of length • body mass increases as cube of length end

  22. rete mirabile heat Physiological Thermoregulation skin gills body skin

  23. Counter-current blood flow from body high heat venous blood Temperature arterial blood from gills low Distance along capillaries (rete) end

  24. Counter Current flow: • fluid flowing in opposite directions • exchange of heat or gas perpendicular to flow • efficiency versus speed end

  25. heat Hypothetical Co-current blood flow: from body high counter-current venous blood Temperature arterial blood from gills low Distance along capillaries (rete) end

  26. Hypothetical Co-Current flow: • fluid flowing in same direction • exchange of heat or gas perpendicular to flow • speed versus efficiency end

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